Theory Extended_Real_Limits

theory Extended_Real_Limits
imports Topology_Euclidean_Space Extended_Nonnegative_Real
(*  Title:      HOL/Analysis/Extended_Real_Limits.thy
    Author:     Johannes Hölzl, TU München
    Author:     Robert Himmelmann, TU München
    Author:     Armin Heller, TU München
    Author:     Bogdan Grechuk, University of Edinburgh
*)

section ‹Limits on the Extended real number line›

theory Extended_Real_Limits
imports
  Topology_Euclidean_Space
  "HOL-Library.Extended_Real"
  "HOL-Library.Extended_Nonnegative_Real"
  "HOL-Library.Indicator_Function"
begin

lemma compact_UNIV:
  "compact (UNIV :: 'a::{complete_linorder,linorder_topology,second_countable_topology} set)"
  using compact_complete_linorder
  by (auto simp: seq_compact_eq_compact[symmetric] seq_compact_def)

lemma compact_eq_closed:
  fixes S :: "'a::{complete_linorder,linorder_topology,second_countable_topology} set"
  shows "compact S ⟷ closed S"
  using closed_Int_compact[of S, OF _ compact_UNIV] compact_imp_closed
  by auto

lemma closed_contains_Sup_cl:
  fixes S :: "'a::{complete_linorder,linorder_topology,second_countable_topology} set"
  assumes "closed S"
    and "S ≠ {}"
  shows "Sup S ∈ S"
proof -
  from compact_eq_closed[of S] compact_attains_sup[of S] assms
  obtain s where S: "s ∈ S" "∀t∈S. t ≤ s"
    by auto
  then have "Sup S = s"
    by (auto intro!: Sup_eqI)
  with S show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

lemma closed_contains_Inf_cl:
  fixes S :: "'a::{complete_linorder,linorder_topology,second_countable_topology} set"
  assumes "closed S"
    and "S ≠ {}"
  shows "Inf S ∈ S"
proof -
  from compact_eq_closed[of S] compact_attains_inf[of S] assms
  obtain s where S: "s ∈ S" "∀t∈S. s ≤ t"
    by auto
  then have "Inf S = s"
    by (auto intro!: Inf_eqI)
  with S show ?thesis
    by simp
qed

instance enat :: second_countable_topology
proof
  show "∃B::enat set set. countable B ∧ open = generate_topology B"
  proof (intro exI conjI)
    show "countable (range lessThan ∪ range greaterThan::enat set set)"
      by auto
  qed (simp add: open_enat_def)
qed

instance ereal :: second_countable_topology
proof (standard, intro exI conjI)
  let ?B = "(⋃r∈ℚ. {{..< r}, {r <..}} :: ereal set set)"
  show "countable ?B"
    by (auto intro: countable_rat)
  show "open = generate_topology ?B"
  proof (intro ext iffI)
    fix S :: "ereal set"
    assume "open S"
    then show "generate_topology ?B S"
      unfolding open_generated_order
    proof induct
      case (Basis b)
      then obtain e where "b = {..<e} ∨ b = {e<..}"
        by auto
      moreover have "{..<e} = ⋃{{..<x}|x. x ∈ ℚ ∧ x < e}" "{e<..} = ⋃{{x<..}|x. x ∈ ℚ ∧ e < x}"
        by (auto dest: ereal_dense3
                 simp del: ex_simps
                 simp add: ex_simps[symmetric] conj_commute Rats_def image_iff)
      ultimately show ?case
        by (auto intro: generate_topology.intros)
    qed (auto intro: generate_topology.intros)
  next
    fix S
    assume "generate_topology ?B S"
    then show "open S"
      by induct auto
  qed
qed

text ‹This is a copy from ‹ereal :: second_countable_topology›. Maybe find a common super class of
topological spaces where the rational numbers are densely embedded ?›
instance ennreal :: second_countable_topology
proof (standard, intro exI conjI)
  let ?B = "(⋃r∈ℚ. {{..< r}, {r <..}} :: ennreal set set)"
  show "countable ?B"
    by (auto intro: countable_rat)
  show "open = generate_topology ?B"
  proof (intro ext iffI)
    fix S :: "ennreal set"
    assume "open S"
    then show "generate_topology ?B S"
      unfolding open_generated_order
    proof induct
      case (Basis b)
      then obtain e where "b = {..<e} ∨ b = {e<..}"
        by auto
      moreover have "{..<e} = ⋃{{..<x}|x. x ∈ ℚ ∧ x < e}" "{e<..} = ⋃{{x<..}|x. x ∈ ℚ ∧ e < x}"
        by (auto dest: ennreal_rat_dense
                 simp del: ex_simps
                 simp add: ex_simps[symmetric] conj_commute Rats_def image_iff)
      ultimately show ?case
        by (auto intro: generate_topology.intros)
    qed (auto intro: generate_topology.intros)
  next
    fix S
    assume "generate_topology ?B S"
    then show "open S"
      by induct auto
  qed
qed

lemma ereal_open_closed_aux:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  assumes "open S"
    and "closed S"
    and S: "(-∞) ∉ S"
  shows "S = {}"
proof (rule ccontr)
  assume "¬ ?thesis"
  then have *: "Inf S ∈ S"

    by (metis assms(2) closed_contains_Inf_cl)
  {
    assume "Inf S = -∞"
    then have False
      using * assms(3) by auto
  }
  moreover
  {
    assume "Inf S = ∞"
    then have "S = {∞}"
      by (metis Inf_eq_PInfty ‹S ≠ {}›)
    then have False
      by (metis assms(1) not_open_singleton)
  }
  moreover
  {
    assume fin: "¦Inf S¦ ≠ ∞"
    from ereal_open_cont_interval[OF assms(1) * fin]
    obtain e where e: "e > 0" "{Inf S - e<..<Inf S + e} ⊆ S" .
    then obtain b where b: "Inf S - e < b" "b < Inf S"
      using fin ereal_between[of "Inf S" e] dense[of "Inf S - e"]
      by auto
    then have "b ∈ {Inf S - e <..< Inf S + e}"
      using e fin ereal_between[of "Inf S" e]
      by auto
    then have "b ∈ S"
      using e by auto
    then have False
      using b by (metis complete_lattice_class.Inf_lower leD)
  }
  ultimately show False
    by auto
qed

lemma ereal_open_closed:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "open S ∧ closed S ⟷ S = {} ∨ S = UNIV"
proof -
  {
    assume lhs: "open S ∧ closed S"
    {
      assume "-∞ ∉ S"
      then have "S = {}"
        using lhs ereal_open_closed_aux by auto
    }
    moreover
    {
      assume "-∞ ∈ S"
      then have "- S = {}"
        using lhs ereal_open_closed_aux[of "-S"] by auto
    }
    ultimately have "S = {} ∨ S = UNIV"
      by auto
  }
  then show ?thesis
    by auto
qed

lemma ereal_open_atLeast:
  fixes x :: ereal
  shows "open {x..} ⟷ x = -∞"
proof
  assume "x = -∞"
  then have "{x..} = UNIV"
    by auto
  then show "open {x..}"
    by auto
next
  assume "open {x..}"
  then have "open {x..} ∧ closed {x..}"
    by auto
  then have "{x..} = UNIV"
    unfolding ereal_open_closed by auto
  then show "x = -∞"
    by (simp add: bot_ereal_def atLeast_eq_UNIV_iff)
qed

lemma mono_closed_real:
  fixes S :: "real set"
  assumes mono: "∀y z. y ∈ S ∧ y ≤ z ⟶ z ∈ S"
    and "closed S"
  shows "S = {} ∨ S = UNIV ∨ (∃a. S = {a..})"
proof -
  {
    assume "S ≠ {}"
    { assume ex: "∃B. ∀x∈S. B ≤ x"
      then have *: "∀x∈S. Inf S ≤ x"
        using cInf_lower[of _ S] ex by (metis bdd_below_def)
      then have "Inf S ∈ S"
        apply (subst closed_contains_Inf)
        using ex ‹S ≠ {}› ‹closed S›
        apply auto
        done
      then have "∀x. Inf S ≤ x ⟷ x ∈ S"
        using mono[rule_format, of "Inf S"] *
        by auto
      then have "S = {Inf S ..}"
        by auto
      then have "∃a. S = {a ..}"
        by auto
    }
    moreover
    {
      assume "¬ (∃B. ∀x∈S. B ≤ x)"
      then have nex: "∀B. ∃x∈S. x < B"
        by (simp add: not_le)
      {
        fix y
        obtain x where "x∈S" and "x < y"
          using nex by auto
        then have "y ∈ S"
          using mono[rule_format, of x y] by auto
      }
      then have "S = UNIV"
        by auto
    }
    ultimately have "S = UNIV ∨ (∃a. S = {a ..})"
      by blast
  }
  then show ?thesis
    by blast
qed

lemma mono_closed_ereal:
  fixes S :: "real set"
  assumes mono: "∀y z. y ∈ S ∧ y ≤ z ⟶ z ∈ S"
    and "closed S"
  shows "∃a. S = {x. a ≤ ereal x}"
proof -
  {
    assume "S = {}"
    then have ?thesis
      apply (rule_tac x=PInfty in exI)
      apply auto
      done
  }
  moreover
  {
    assume "S = UNIV"
    then have ?thesis
      apply (rule_tac x="-∞" in exI)
      apply auto
      done
  }
  moreover
  {
    assume "∃a. S = {a ..}"
    then obtain a where "S = {a ..}"
      by auto
    then have ?thesis
      apply (rule_tac x="ereal a" in exI)
      apply auto
      done
  }
  ultimately show ?thesis
    using mono_closed_real[of S] assms by auto
qed

lemma Liminf_within:
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space ⇒ 'b::complete_lattice"
  shows "Liminf (at x within S) f = (SUP e:{0<..}. INF y:(S ∩ ball x e - {x}). f y)"
  unfolding Liminf_def eventually_at
proof (rule SUP_eq, simp_all add: Ball_def Bex_def, safe)
  fix P d
  assume "0 < d" and "∀y. y ∈ S ⟶ y ≠ x ∧ dist y x < d ⟶ P y"
  then have "S ∩ ball x d - {x} ⊆ {x. P x}"
    by (auto simp: zero_less_dist_iff dist_commute)
  then show "∃r>0. INFIMUM (Collect P) f ≤ INFIMUM (S ∩ ball x r - {x}) f"
    by (intro exI[of _ d] INF_mono conjI ‹0 < d›) auto
next
  fix d :: real
  assume "0 < d"
  then show "∃P. (∃d>0. ∀xa. xa ∈ S ⟶ xa ≠ x ∧ dist xa x < d ⟶ P xa) ∧
    INFIMUM (S ∩ ball x d - {x}) f ≤ INFIMUM (Collect P) f"
    by (intro exI[of _ "λy. y ∈ S ∩ ball x d - {x}"])
       (auto intro!: INF_mono exI[of _ d] simp: dist_commute)
qed

lemma Limsup_within:
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space ⇒ 'b::complete_lattice"
  shows "Limsup (at x within S) f = (INF e:{0<..}. SUP y:(S ∩ ball x e - {x}). f y)"
  unfolding Limsup_def eventually_at
proof (rule INF_eq, simp_all add: Ball_def Bex_def, safe)
  fix P d
  assume "0 < d" and "∀y. y ∈ S ⟶ y ≠ x ∧ dist y x < d ⟶ P y"
  then have "S ∩ ball x d - {x} ⊆ {x. P x}"
    by (auto simp: zero_less_dist_iff dist_commute)
  then show "∃r>0. SUPREMUM (S ∩ ball x r - {x}) f ≤ SUPREMUM (Collect P) f"
    by (intro exI[of _ d] SUP_mono conjI ‹0 < d›) auto
next
  fix d :: real
  assume "0 < d"
  then show "∃P. (∃d>0. ∀xa. xa ∈ S ⟶ xa ≠ x ∧ dist xa x < d ⟶ P xa) ∧
    SUPREMUM (Collect P) f ≤ SUPREMUM (S ∩ ball x d - {x}) f"
    by (intro exI[of _ "λy. y ∈ S ∩ ball x d - {x}"])
       (auto intro!: SUP_mono exI[of _ d] simp: dist_commute)
qed

lemma Liminf_at:
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space ⇒ 'b::complete_lattice"
  shows "Liminf (at x) f = (SUP e:{0<..}. INF y:(ball x e - {x}). f y)"
  using Liminf_within[of x UNIV f] by simp

lemma Limsup_at:
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space ⇒ 'b::complete_lattice"
  shows "Limsup (at x) f = (INF e:{0<..}. SUP y:(ball x e - {x}). f y)"
  using Limsup_within[of x UNIV f] by simp

lemma min_Liminf_at:
  fixes f :: "'a::metric_space ⇒ 'b::complete_linorder"
  shows "min (f x) (Liminf (at x) f) = (SUP e:{0<..}. INF y:ball x e. f y)"
  unfolding inf_min[symmetric] Liminf_at
  apply (subst inf_commute)
  apply (subst SUP_inf)
  apply (intro SUP_cong[OF refl])
  apply (cut_tac A="ball x xa - {x}" and B="{x}" and M=f in INF_union)
  apply (drule sym)
  apply auto
  apply (metis INF_absorb centre_in_ball)
  done


subsection ‹Extended-Real.thy›

text‹The proof of this one is copied from \verb+ereal_add_mono+.›
lemma ereal_add_strict_mono2:
  fixes a b c d :: ereal
  assumes "a < b"
    and "c < d"
  shows "a + c < b + d"
using assms
apply (cases a)
apply (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of b c d], auto)
apply (cases rule: ereal3_cases[of b c d], auto)
done

text ‹The next ones are analogues of \verb+mult_mono+ and \verb+mult_mono'+ in ereal.›

lemma ereal_mult_mono:
  fixes a b c d::ereal
  assumes "b ≥ 0" "c ≥ 0" "a ≤ b" "c ≤ d"
  shows "a * c ≤ b * d"
by (metis ereal_mult_right_mono mult.commute order_trans assms)

lemma ereal_mult_mono':
  fixes a b c d::ereal
  assumes "a ≥ 0" "c ≥ 0" "a ≤ b" "c ≤ d"
  shows "a * c ≤ b * d"
by (metis ereal_mult_right_mono mult.commute order_trans assms)

lemma ereal_mult_mono_strict:
  fixes a b c d::ereal
  assumes "b > 0" "c > 0" "a < b" "c < d"
  shows "a * c < b * d"
proof -
  have "c < ∞" using ‹c < d› by auto
  then have "a * c < b * c" by (metis ereal_mult_strict_left_mono[OF assms(3) assms(2)] mult.commute)
  moreover have "b * c ≤ b * d" using assms(2) assms(4) by (simp add: assms(1) ereal_mult_left_mono less_imp_le)
  ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma ereal_mult_mono_strict':
  fixes a b c d::ereal
  assumes "a > 0" "c > 0" "a < b" "c < d"
  shows "a * c < b * d"
apply (rule ereal_mult_mono_strict, auto simp add: assms) using assms by auto

lemma ereal_abs_add:
  fixes a b::ereal
  shows "abs(a+b) ≤ abs a + abs b"
by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) (auto)

lemma ereal_abs_diff:
  fixes a b::ereal
  shows "abs(a-b) ≤ abs a + abs b"
by (cases rule: ereal2_cases[of a b]) (auto)

lemma sum_constant_ereal:
  fixes a::ereal
  shows "(∑i∈I. a) = a * card I"
apply (cases "finite I", induct set: finite, simp_all)
apply (cases a, auto, metis (no_types, hide_lams) add.commute mult.commute semiring_normalization_rules(3))
done

lemma real_lim_then_eventually_real:
  assumes "(u ⤏ ereal l) F"
  shows "eventually (λn. u n = ereal(real_of_ereal(u n))) F"
proof -
  have "ereal l ∈ {-∞<..<(∞::ereal)}" by simp
  moreover have "open {-∞<..<(∞::ereal)}" by simp
  ultimately have "eventually (λn. u n ∈ {-∞<..<(∞::ereal)}) F" using assms tendsto_def by blast
  moreover have "⋀x. x ∈ {-∞<..<(∞::ereal)} ⟹ x = ereal(real_of_ereal x)" using ereal_real by auto
  ultimately show ?thesis by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) eventually_mono)
qed

lemma ereal_Inf_cmult:
  assumes "c>(0::real)"
  shows "Inf {ereal c * x |x. P x} = ereal c * Inf {x. P x}"
proof -
  have "(λx::ereal. c * x) (Inf {x::ereal. P x}) = Inf ((λx::ereal. c * x)`{x::ereal. P x})"
    apply (rule mono_bij_Inf)
    apply (simp add: assms ereal_mult_left_mono less_imp_le mono_def)
    apply (rule bij_betw_byWitness[of _ "λx. (x::ereal) / c"], auto simp add: assms ereal_mult_divide)
    using assms ereal_divide_eq apply auto
    done
  then show ?thesis by (simp only: setcompr_eq_image[symmetric])
qed


subsubsection ‹Continuity of addition›

text ‹The next few lemmas remove an unnecessary assumption in \verb+tendsto_add_ereal+, culminating
in \verb+tendsto_add_ereal_general+ which essentially says that the addition
is continuous on ereal times ereal, except at $(-\infty, \infty)$ and $(\infty, -\infty)$.
It is much more convenient in many situations, see for instance the proof of
\verb+tendsto_sum_ereal+ below.›

lemma tendsto_add_ereal_PInf:
  fixes y :: ereal
  assumes y: "y ≠ -∞"
  assumes f: "(f ⤏ ∞) F" and g: "(g ⤏ y) F"
  shows "((λx. f x + g x) ⤏ ∞) F"
proof -
  have "∃C. eventually (λx. g x > ereal C) F"
  proof (cases y)
    case (real r)
    have "y > y-1" using y real by (simp add: ereal_between(1))
    then have "eventually (λx. g x > y - 1) F" using g y order_tendsto_iff by auto
    moreover have "y-1 = ereal(real_of_ereal(y-1))"
      by (metis real ereal_eq_1(1) ereal_minus(1) real_of_ereal.simps(1))
    ultimately have "eventually (λx. g x > ereal(real_of_ereal(y - 1))) F" by simp
    then show ?thesis by auto
  next
    case (PInf)
    have "eventually (λx. g x > ereal 0) F" using g PInf by (simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
    then show ?thesis by auto
  qed (simp add: y)
  then obtain C::real where ge: "eventually (λx. g x > ereal C) F" by auto

  {
    fix M::real
    have "eventually (λx. f x > ereal(M - C)) F" using f by (simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
    then have "eventually (λx. (f x > ereal (M-C)) ∧ (g x > ereal C)) F"
      by (auto simp add: ge eventually_conj_iff)
    moreover have "⋀x. ((f x > ereal (M-C)) ∧ (g x > ereal C)) ⟹ (f x + g x > ereal M)"
      using ereal_add_strict_mono2 by fastforce
    ultimately have "eventually (λx. f x + g x > ereal M) F" using eventually_mono by force
  }
  then show ?thesis by (simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
qed

text‹One would like to deduce the next lemma from the previous one, but the fact
that $-(x+y)$ is in general different from $(-x) + (-y)$ in ereal creates difficulties,
so it is more efficient to copy the previous proof.›

lemma tendsto_add_ereal_MInf:
  fixes y :: ereal
  assumes y: "y ≠ ∞"
  assumes f: "(f ⤏ -∞) F" and g: "(g ⤏ y) F"
  shows "((λx. f x + g x) ⤏ -∞) F"
proof -
  have "∃C. eventually (λx. g x < ereal C) F"
  proof (cases y)
    case (real r)
    have "y < y+1" using y real by (simp add: ereal_between(1))
    then have "eventually (λx. g x < y + 1) F" using g y order_tendsto_iff by force
    moreover have "y+1 = ereal(real_of_ereal (y+1))" by (simp add: real)
    ultimately have "eventually (λx. g x < ereal(real_of_ereal(y + 1))) F" by simp
    then show ?thesis by auto
  next
    case (MInf)
    have "eventually (λx. g x < ereal 0) F" using g MInf by (simp add: tendsto_MInfty)
    then show ?thesis by auto
  qed (simp add: y)
  then obtain C::real where ge: "eventually (λx. g x < ereal C) F" by auto

  {
    fix M::real
    have "eventually (λx. f x < ereal(M - C)) F" using f by (simp add: tendsto_MInfty)
    then have "eventually (λx. (f x < ereal (M- C)) ∧ (g x < ereal C)) F"
      by (auto simp add: ge eventually_conj_iff)
    moreover have "⋀x. ((f x < ereal (M-C)) ∧ (g x < ereal C)) ⟹ (f x + g x < ereal M)"
      using ereal_add_strict_mono2 by fastforce
    ultimately have "eventually (λx. f x + g x < ereal M) F" using eventually_mono by force
  }
  then show ?thesis by (simp add: tendsto_MInfty)
qed

lemma tendsto_add_ereal_general1:
  fixes x y :: ereal
  assumes y: "¦y¦ ≠ ∞"
  assumes f: "(f ⤏ x) F" and g: "(g ⤏ y) F"
  shows "((λx. f x + g x) ⤏ x + y) F"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  have a: "¦x¦ ≠ ∞" by (simp add: real)
  show ?thesis by (rule tendsto_add_ereal[OF a, OF y, OF f, OF g])
next
  case PInf
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_add_ereal_PInf assms by force
next
  case MInf
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_add_ereal_MInf assms
    by (metis abs_ereal.simps(3) ereal_MInfty_eq_plus)
qed

lemma tendsto_add_ereal_general2:
  fixes x y :: ereal
  assumes x: "¦x¦ ≠ ∞"
      and f: "(f ⤏ x) F" and g: "(g ⤏ y) F"
  shows "((λx. f x + g x) ⤏ x + y) F"
proof -
  have "((λx. g x + f x) ⤏ x + y) F"
    using tendsto_add_ereal_general1[OF x, OF g, OF f] add.commute[of "y", of "x"] by simp
  moreover have "⋀x. g x + f x = f x + g x" using add.commute by auto
  ultimately show ?thesis by simp
qed

text ‹The next lemma says that the addition is continuous on ereal, except at
the pairs $(-\infty, \infty)$ and $(\infty, -\infty)$.›

lemma tendsto_add_ereal_general [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes x y :: ereal
  assumes "¬((x=∞ ∧ y=-∞) ∨ (x=-∞ ∧ y=∞))"
      and f: "(f ⤏ x) F" and g: "(g ⤏ y) F"
  shows "((λx. f x + g x) ⤏ x + y) F"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  show ?thesis
    apply (rule tendsto_add_ereal_general2) using real assms by auto
next
  case (PInf)
  then have "y ≠ -∞" using assms by simp
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_add_ereal_PInf PInf assms by auto
next
  case (MInf)
  then have "y ≠ ∞" using assms by simp
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_add_ereal_MInf MInf f g by (metis ereal_MInfty_eq_plus)
qed

subsubsection ‹Continuity of multiplication›

text ‹In the same way as for addition, we prove that the multiplication is continuous on
ereal times ereal, except at $(\infty, 0)$ and $(-\infty, 0)$ and $(0, \infty)$ and $(0, -\infty)$,
starting with specific situations.›

lemma tendsto_mult_real_ereal:
  assumes "(u ⤏ ereal l) F" "(v ⤏ ereal m) F"
  shows "((λn. u n * v n) ⤏ ereal l * ereal m) F"
proof -
  have ureal: "eventually (λn. u n = ereal(real_of_ereal(u n))) F" by (rule real_lim_then_eventually_real[OF assms(1)])
  then have "((λn. ereal(real_of_ereal(u n))) ⤏ ereal l) F" using assms by auto
  then have limu: "((λn. real_of_ereal(u n)) ⤏ l) F" by auto
  have vreal: "eventually (λn. v n = ereal(real_of_ereal(v n))) F" by (rule real_lim_then_eventually_real[OF assms(2)])
  then have "((λn. ereal(real_of_ereal(v n))) ⤏ ereal m) F" using assms by auto
  then have limv: "((λn. real_of_ereal(v n)) ⤏ m) F" by auto

  {
    fix n assume "u n = ereal(real_of_ereal(u n))" "v n = ereal(real_of_ereal(v n))"
    then have "ereal(real_of_ereal(u n) * real_of_ereal(v n)) = u n * v n" by (metis times_ereal.simps(1))
  }
  then have *: "eventually (λn. ereal(real_of_ereal(u n) * real_of_ereal(v n)) = u n * v n) F"
    using eventually_elim2[OF ureal vreal] by auto

  have "((λn. real_of_ereal(u n) * real_of_ereal(v n)) ⤏ l * m) F" using tendsto_mult[OF limu limv] by auto
  then have "((λn. ereal(real_of_ereal(u n)) * real_of_ereal(v n)) ⤏ ereal(l * m)) F" by auto
  then show ?thesis using * filterlim_cong by fastforce
qed

lemma tendsto_mult_ereal_PInf:
  fixes f g::"_ ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "(f ⤏ l) F" "l>0" "(g ⤏ ∞) F"
  shows "((λx. f x * g x) ⤏ ∞) F"
proof -
  obtain a::real where "0 < ereal a" "a < l" using assms(2) using ereal_dense2 by blast
  have *: "eventually (λx. f x > a) F" using ‹a < l› assms(1) by (simp add: order_tendsto_iff)
  {
    fix K::real
    define M where "M = max K 1"
    then have "M > 0" by simp
    then have "ereal(M/a) > 0" using ‹ereal a > 0› by simp
    then have "⋀x. ((f x > a) ∧ (g x > M/a)) ⟹ (f x * g x > ereal a * ereal(M/a))"
      using ereal_mult_mono_strict'[where ?c = "M/a", OF ‹0 < ereal a›] by auto
    moreover have "ereal a * ereal(M/a) = M" using ‹ereal a > 0› by simp
    ultimately have "⋀x. ((f x > a) ∧ (g x > M/a)) ⟹ (f x * g x > M)" by simp
    moreover have "M ≥ K" unfolding M_def by simp
    ultimately have Imp: "⋀x. ((f x > a) ∧ (g x > M/a)) ⟹ (f x * g x > K)"
      using ereal_less_eq(3) le_less_trans by blast

    have "eventually (λx. g x > M/a) F" using assms(3) by (simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
    then have "eventually (λx. (f x > a) ∧ (g x > M/a)) F"
      using * by (auto simp add: eventually_conj_iff)
    then have "eventually (λx. f x * g x > K) F" using eventually_mono Imp by force
  }
  then show ?thesis by (auto simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
qed

lemma tendsto_mult_ereal_pos:
  fixes f g::"_ ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "(f ⤏ l) F" "(g ⤏ m) F" "l>0" "m>0"
  shows "((λx. f x * g x) ⤏ l * m) F"
proof (cases)
  assume *: "l = ∞ ∨ m = ∞"
  then show ?thesis
  proof (cases)
    assume "m = ∞"
    then show ?thesis using tendsto_mult_ereal_PInf assms by auto
  next
    assume "¬(m = ∞)"
    then have "l = ∞" using * by simp
    then have "((λx. g x * f x) ⤏ l * m) F" using tendsto_mult_ereal_PInf assms by auto
    moreover have "⋀x. g x * f x = f x * g x" using mult.commute by auto
    ultimately show ?thesis by simp
  qed
next
  assume "¬(l = ∞ ∨ m = ∞)"
  then have "l < ∞" "m < ∞" by auto
  then obtain lr mr where "l = ereal lr" "m = ereal mr"
    using ‹l>0› ‹m>0› by (metis ereal_cases ereal_less(6) not_less_iff_gr_or_eq)
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_mult_real_ereal assms by auto
qed

text ‹We reduce the general situation to the positive case by multiplying by suitable signs.
Unfortunately, as ereal is not a ring, all the neat sign lemmas are not available there. We
give the bare minimum we need.›

lemma ereal_sgn_abs:
  fixes l::ereal
  shows "sgn(l) * l = abs(l)"
apply (cases l) by (auto simp add: sgn_if ereal_less_uminus_reorder)

lemma sgn_squared_ereal:
  assumes "l ≠ (0::ereal)"
  shows "sgn(l) * sgn(l) = 1"
apply (cases l) using assms by (auto simp add: one_ereal_def sgn_if)

lemma tendsto_mult_ereal [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes f g::"_ ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "(f ⤏ l) F" "(g ⤏ m) F" "¬((l=0 ∧ abs(m) = ∞) ∨ (m=0 ∧ abs(l) = ∞))"
  shows "((λx. f x * g x) ⤏ l * m) F"
proof (cases)
  assume "l=0 ∨ m=0"
  then have "abs(l) ≠ ∞" "abs(m) ≠ ∞" using assms(3) by auto
  then obtain lr mr where "l = ereal lr" "m = ereal mr" by auto
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_mult_real_ereal assms by auto
next
  have sgn_finite: "⋀a::ereal. abs(sgn a) ≠ ∞"
    by (metis MInfty_neq_ereal(2) PInfty_neq_ereal(2) abs_eq_infinity_cases ereal_times(1) ereal_times(3) ereal_uminus_eq_reorder sgn_ereal.elims)
  then have sgn_finite2: "⋀a b::ereal. abs(sgn a * sgn b) ≠ ∞"
    by (metis abs_eq_infinity_cases abs_ereal.simps(2) abs_ereal.simps(3) ereal_mult_eq_MInfty ereal_mult_eq_PInfty)
  assume "¬(l=0 ∨ m=0)"
  then have "l ≠ 0" "m ≠ 0" by auto
  then have "abs(l) > 0" "abs(m) > 0"
    by (metis abs_ereal_ge0 abs_ereal_less0 abs_ereal_pos ereal_uminus_uminus ereal_uminus_zero less_le not_less)+
  then have "sgn(l) * l > 0" "sgn(m) * m > 0" using ereal_sgn_abs by auto
  moreover have "((λx. sgn(l) * f x) ⤏ (sgn(l) * l)) F"
    by (rule tendsto_cmult_ereal, auto simp add: sgn_finite assms(1))
  moreover have "((λx. sgn(m) * g x) ⤏ (sgn(m) * m)) F"
    by (rule tendsto_cmult_ereal, auto simp add: sgn_finite assms(2))
  ultimately have *: "((λx. (sgn(l) * f x) * (sgn(m) * g x)) ⤏ (sgn(l) * l) * (sgn(m) * m)) F"
    using tendsto_mult_ereal_pos by force
  have "((λx. (sgn(l) * sgn(m)) * ((sgn(l) * f x) * (sgn(m) * g x))) ⤏ (sgn(l) * sgn(m)) * ((sgn(l) * l) * (sgn(m) * m))) F"
    by (rule tendsto_cmult_ereal, auto simp add: sgn_finite2 *)
  moreover have "⋀x. (sgn(l) * sgn(m)) * ((sgn(l) * f x) * (sgn(m) * g x)) = f x * g x"
    by (metis mult.left_neutral sgn_squared_ereal[OF ‹l ≠ 0›] sgn_squared_ereal[OF ‹m ≠ 0›] mult.assoc mult.commute)
  moreover have "(sgn(l) * sgn(m)) * ((sgn(l) * l) * (sgn(m) * m)) = l * m"
    by (metis mult.left_neutral sgn_squared_ereal[OF ‹l ≠ 0›] sgn_squared_ereal[OF ‹m ≠ 0›] mult.assoc mult.commute)
  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma tendsto_cmult_ereal_general [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes f::"_ ⇒ ereal" and c::ereal
  assumes "(f ⤏ l) F" "¬ (l=0 ∧ abs(c) = ∞)"
  shows "((λx. c * f x) ⤏ c * l) F"
by (cases "c = 0", auto simp add: assms tendsto_mult_ereal)


subsubsection ‹Continuity of division›

lemma tendsto_inverse_ereal_PInf:
  fixes u::"_ ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "(u ⤏ ∞) F"
  shows "((λx. 1/ u x) ⤏ 0) F"
proof -
  {
    fix e::real assume "e>0"
    have "1/e < ∞" by auto
    then have "eventually (λn. u n > 1/e) F" using assms(1) by (simp add: tendsto_PInfty)
    moreover
    {
      fix z::ereal assume "z>1/e"
      then have "z>0" using ‹e>0› using less_le_trans not_le by fastforce
      then have "1/z ≥ 0" by auto
      moreover have "1/z < e" using ‹e>0› ‹z>1/e›
        apply (cases z) apply auto
        by (metis (mono_tags, hide_lams) less_ereal.simps(2) less_ereal.simps(4) divide_less_eq ereal_divide_less_pos ereal_less(4)
            ereal_less_eq(4) less_le_trans mult_eq_0_iff not_le not_one_less_zero times_ereal.simps(1))
      ultimately have "1/z ≥ 0" "1/z < e" by auto
    }
    ultimately have "eventually (λn. 1/u n<e) F" "eventually (λn. 1/u n≥0) F" by (auto simp add: eventually_mono)
  } note * = this
  show ?thesis
  proof (subst order_tendsto_iff, auto)
    fix a::ereal assume "a<0"
    then show "eventually (λn. 1/u n > a) F" using *(2) eventually_mono less_le_trans linordered_field_no_ub by fastforce
  next
    fix a::ereal assume "a>0"
    then obtain e::real where "e>0" "a>e" using ereal_dense2 ereal_less(2) by blast
    then have "eventually (λn. 1/u n < e) F" using *(1) by auto
    then show "eventually (λn. 1/u n < a) F" using ‹a>e› by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) eventually_mono less_trans)
  qed
qed

text ‹The next lemma deserves to exist by itself, as it is so common and useful.›

lemma tendsto_inverse_real [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u::"_ ⇒ real"
  shows "(u ⤏ l) F ⟹ l ≠ 0 ⟹ ((λx. 1/ u x) ⤏ 1/l) F"
  using tendsto_inverse unfolding inverse_eq_divide .

lemma tendsto_inverse_ereal [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u::"_ ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "(u ⤏ l) F" "l ≠ 0"
  shows "((λx. 1/ u x) ⤏ 1/l) F"
proof (cases l)
  case (real r)
  then have "r ≠ 0" using assms(2) by auto
  then have "1/l = ereal(1/r)" using real by (simp add: one_ereal_def)
  define v where "v = (λn. real_of_ereal(u n))"
  have ureal: "eventually (λn. u n = ereal(v n)) F" unfolding v_def using real_lim_then_eventually_real assms(1) real by auto
  then have "((λn. ereal(v n)) ⤏ ereal r) F" using assms real v_def by auto
  then have *: "((λn. v n) ⤏ r) F" by auto
  then have "((λn. 1/v n) ⤏ 1/r) F" using ‹r ≠ 0› tendsto_inverse_real by auto
  then have lim: "((λn. ereal(1/v n)) ⤏ 1/l) F" using ‹1/l = ereal(1/r)› by auto

  have "r ∈ -{0}" "open (-{(0::real)})" using ‹r ≠ 0› by auto
  then have "eventually (λn. v n ∈ -{0}) F" using * using topological_tendstoD by blast
  then have "eventually (λn. v n ≠ 0) F" by auto
  moreover
  {
    fix n assume H: "v n ≠ 0" "u n = ereal(v n)"
    then have "ereal(1/v n) = 1/ereal(v n)" by (simp add: one_ereal_def)
    then have "ereal(1/v n) = 1/u n" using H(2) by simp
  }
  ultimately have "eventually (λn. ereal(1/v n) = 1/u n) F" using ureal eventually_elim2 by force
  with Lim_transform_eventually[OF this lim] show ?thesis by simp
next
  case (PInf)
  then have "1/l = 0" by auto
  then show ?thesis using tendsto_inverse_ereal_PInf assms PInf by auto
next
  case (MInf)
  then have "1/l = 0" by auto
  have "1/z = -1/ -z" if "z < 0" for z::ereal
    apply (cases z) using divide_ereal_def ‹ z < 0 › by auto
  moreover have "eventually (λn. u n < 0) F" by (metis (no_types) MInf assms(1) tendsto_MInfty zero_ereal_def)
  ultimately have *: "eventually (λn. -1/-u n = 1/u n) F" by (simp add: eventually_mono)

  define v where "v = (λn. - u n)"
  have "(v ⤏ ∞) F" unfolding v_def using MInf assms(1) tendsto_uminus_ereal by fastforce
  then have "((λn. 1/v n) ⤏ 0) F" using tendsto_inverse_ereal_PInf by auto
  then have "((λn. -1/v n) ⤏ 0) F" using tendsto_uminus_ereal by fastforce
  then show ?thesis unfolding v_def using Lim_transform_eventually[OF *] ‹ 1/l = 0 › by auto
qed

lemma tendsto_divide_ereal [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes f g::"_ ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "(f ⤏ l) F" "(g ⤏ m) F" "m ≠ 0" "¬(abs(l) = ∞ ∧ abs(m) = ∞)"
  shows "((λx. f x / g x) ⤏ l / m) F"
proof -
  define h where "h = (λx. 1/ g x)"
  have *: "(h ⤏ 1/m) F" unfolding h_def using assms(2) assms(3) tendsto_inverse_ereal by auto
  have "((λx. f x * h x) ⤏ l * (1/m)) F"
    apply (rule tendsto_mult_ereal[OF assms(1) *]) using assms(3) assms(4) by (auto simp add: divide_ereal_def)
  moreover have "f x * h x = f x / g x" for x unfolding h_def by (simp add: divide_ereal_def)
  moreover have "l * (1/m) = l/m" by (simp add: divide_ereal_def)
  ultimately show ?thesis unfolding h_def using Lim_transform_eventually by auto
qed


subsubsection ‹Further limits›

text ‹The assumptions of @{thm tendsto_diff_ereal} are too strong, we weaken them here.›

lemma tendsto_diff_ereal_general [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u v::"'a ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "(u ⤏ l) F" "(v ⤏ m) F" "¬((l = ∞ ∧ m = ∞) ∨ (l = -∞ ∧ m = -∞))"
  shows "((λn. u n - v n) ⤏ l - m) F"
proof -
  have "((λn. u n + (-v n)) ⤏ l + (-m)) F"
    apply (intro tendsto_intros assms) using assms by (auto simp add: ereal_uminus_eq_reorder)
  then show ?thesis by (simp add: minus_ereal_def)
qed

lemma id_nat_ereal_tendsto_PInf [tendsto_intros]:
  "(λ n::nat. real n) ⇢ ∞"
by (simp add: filterlim_real_sequentially tendsto_PInfty_eq_at_top)

lemma tendsto_at_top_pseudo_inverse [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u::"nat ⇒ nat"
  assumes "LIM n sequentially. u n :> at_top"
  shows "LIM n sequentially. Inf {N. u N ≥ n} :> at_top"
proof -
  {
    fix C::nat
    define M where "M = Max {u n| n. n ≤ C}+1"
    {
      fix n assume "n ≥ M"
      have "eventually (λN. u N ≥ n) sequentially" using assms
        by (simp add: filterlim_at_top)
      then have *: "{N. u N ≥ n} ≠ {}" by force

      have "N > C" if "u N ≥ n" for N
      proof (rule ccontr)
        assume "¬(N > C)"
        have "u N ≤ Max {u n| n. n ≤ C}"
          apply (rule Max_ge) using ‹¬(N > C)› by auto
        then show False using ‹u N ≥ n› ‹n ≥ M› unfolding M_def by auto
      qed
      then have **: "{N. u N ≥ n} ⊆ {C..}" by fastforce
      have "Inf {N. u N ≥ n} ≥ C"
        by (metis "*" "**" Inf_nat_def1 atLeast_iff subset_eq)
    }
    then have "eventually (λn. Inf {N. u N ≥ n} ≥ C) sequentially"
      using eventually_sequentially by auto
  }
  then show ?thesis using filterlim_at_top by auto
qed

lemma pseudo_inverse_finite_set:
  fixes u::"nat ⇒ nat"
  assumes "LIM n sequentially. u n :> at_top"
  shows "finite {N. u N ≤ n}"
proof -
  fix n
  have "eventually (λN. u N ≥ n+1) sequentially" using assms
    by (simp add: filterlim_at_top)
  then obtain N1 where N1: "⋀N. N ≥ N1 ⟹ u N ≥ n + 1"
    using eventually_sequentially by auto
  have "{N. u N ≤ n} ⊆ {..<N1}"
    apply auto using N1 by (metis Suc_eq_plus1 not_less not_less_eq_eq)
  then show "finite {N. u N ≤ n}" by (simp add: finite_subset)
qed

lemma tendsto_at_top_pseudo_inverse2 [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u::"nat ⇒ nat"
  assumes "LIM n sequentially. u n :> at_top"
  shows "LIM n sequentially. Max {N. u N ≤ n} :> at_top"
proof -
  {
    fix N0::nat
    have "N0 ≤ Max {N. u N ≤ n}" if "n ≥ u N0" for n
      apply (rule Max.coboundedI) using pseudo_inverse_finite_set[OF assms] that by auto
    then have "eventually (λn. N0 ≤ Max {N. u N ≤ n}) sequentially"
      using eventually_sequentially by blast
  }
  then show ?thesis using filterlim_at_top by auto
qed

lemma ereal_truncation_top [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes x::ereal
  shows "(λn::nat. min x n) ⇢ x"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  then obtain K::nat where "K>0" "K > abs(r)" using reals_Archimedean2 gr0I by auto
  then have "min x n = x" if "n ≥ K" for n apply (subst real, subst real, auto) using that eq_iff by fastforce
  then have "eventually (λn. min x n = x) sequentially" using eventually_at_top_linorder by blast
  then show ?thesis by (simp add: Lim_eventually)
next
  case (PInf)
  then have "min x n = n" for n::nat by (auto simp add: min_def)
  then show ?thesis using id_nat_ereal_tendsto_PInf PInf by auto
next
  case (MInf)
  then have "min x n = x" for n::nat by (auto simp add: min_def)
  then show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma ereal_truncation_real_top [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes x::ereal
  assumes "x ≠ - ∞"
  shows "(λn::nat. real_of_ereal(min x n)) ⇢ x"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  then obtain K::nat where "K>0" "K > abs(r)" using reals_Archimedean2 gr0I by auto
  then have "min x n = x" if "n ≥ K" for n apply (subst real, subst real, auto) using that eq_iff by fastforce
  then have "real_of_ereal(min x n) = r" if "n ≥ K" for n using real that by auto
  then have "eventually (λn. real_of_ereal(min x n) = r) sequentially" using eventually_at_top_linorder by blast
  then have "(λn. real_of_ereal(min x n)) ⇢ r" by (simp add: Lim_eventually)
  then show ?thesis using real by auto
next
  case (PInf)
  then have "real_of_ereal(min x n) = n" for n::nat by (auto simp add: min_def)
  then show ?thesis using id_nat_ereal_tendsto_PInf PInf by auto
qed (simp add: assms)

lemma ereal_truncation_bottom [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes x::ereal
  shows "(λn::nat. max x (- real n)) ⇢ x"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  then obtain K::nat where "K>0" "K > abs(r)" using reals_Archimedean2 gr0I by auto
  then have "max x (-real n) = x" if "n ≥ K" for n apply (subst real, subst real, auto) using that eq_iff by fastforce
  then have "eventually (λn. max x (-real n) = x) sequentially" using eventually_at_top_linorder by blast
  then show ?thesis by (simp add: Lim_eventually)
next
  case (MInf)
  then have "max x (-real n) = (-1)* ereal(real n)" for n::nat by (auto simp add: max_def)
  moreover have "(λn. (-1)* ereal(real n)) ⇢ -∞"
    using tendsto_cmult_ereal[of "-1", OF _ id_nat_ereal_tendsto_PInf] by (simp add: one_ereal_def)
  ultimately show ?thesis using MInf by auto
next
  case (PInf)
  then have "max x (-real n) = x" for n::nat by (auto simp add: max_def)
  then show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma ereal_truncation_real_bottom [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes x::ereal
  assumes "x ≠ ∞"
  shows "(λn::nat. real_of_ereal(max x (- real n))) ⇢ x"
proof (cases x)
  case (real r)
  then obtain K::nat where "K>0" "K > abs(r)" using reals_Archimedean2 gr0I by auto
  then have "max x (-real n) = x" if "n ≥ K" for n apply (subst real, subst real, auto) using that eq_iff by fastforce
  then have "real_of_ereal(max x (-real n)) = r" if "n ≥ K" for n using real that by auto
  then have "eventually (λn. real_of_ereal(max x (-real n)) = r) sequentially" using eventually_at_top_linorder by blast
  then have "(λn. real_of_ereal(max x (-real n))) ⇢ r" by (simp add: Lim_eventually)
  then show ?thesis using real by auto
next
  case (MInf)
  then have "real_of_ereal(max x (-real n)) = (-1)* ereal(real n)" for n::nat by (auto simp add: max_def)
  moreover have "(λn. (-1)* ereal(real n)) ⇢ -∞"
    using tendsto_cmult_ereal[of "-1", OF _ id_nat_ereal_tendsto_PInf] by (simp add: one_ereal_def)
  ultimately show ?thesis using MInf by auto
qed (simp add: assms)

text ‹the next one is copied from \verb+tendsto_sum+.›
lemma tendsto_sum_ereal [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes f :: "'a ⇒ 'b ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "⋀i. i ∈ S ⟹ (f i ⤏ a i) F"
          "⋀i. abs(a i) ≠ ∞"
  shows "((λx. ∑i∈S. f i x) ⤏ (∑i∈S. a i)) F"
proof (cases "finite S")
  assume "finite S" then show ?thesis using assms
    by (induct, simp, simp add: tendsto_add_ereal_general2 assms)
qed(simp)


lemma continuous_ereal_abs:
  "continuous_on (UNIV::ereal set) abs"
proof -
  have "continuous_on ({..0} ∪ {(0::ereal)..}) abs"
    apply (rule continuous_on_closed_Un, auto)
    apply (rule iffD1[OF continuous_on_cong, of "{..0}" _ "λx. -x"])
    using less_eq_ereal_def apply (auto simp add: continuous_uminus_ereal)
    apply (rule iffD1[OF continuous_on_cong, of "{0..}" _ "λx. x"])
      apply (auto simp add: continuous_on_id)
    done
  moreover have "(UNIV::ereal set) = {..0} ∪ {(0::ereal)..}" by auto
  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemmas continuous_on_compose_ereal_abs[continuous_intros] =
  continuous_on_compose2[OF continuous_ereal_abs _ subset_UNIV]

lemma tendsto_abs_ereal [tendsto_intros]:
  assumes "(u ⤏ (l::ereal)) F"
  shows "((λn. abs(u n)) ⤏ abs l) F"
using continuous_ereal_abs assms by (metis UNIV_I continuous_on tendsto_compose)

lemma ereal_minus_real_tendsto_MInf [tendsto_intros]:
  "(λx. ereal (- real x)) ⇢ - ∞"
by (subst uminus_ereal.simps(1)[symmetric], intro tendsto_intros)


subsection ‹Extended-Nonnegative-Real.thy›

lemma tendsto_diff_ennreal_general [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes u v::"'a ⇒ ennreal"
  assumes "(u ⤏ l) F" "(v ⤏ m) F" "¬(l = ∞ ∧ m = ∞)"
  shows "((λn. u n - v n) ⤏ l - m) F"
proof -
  have "((λn. e2ennreal(enn2ereal(u n) - enn2ereal(v n))) ⤏ e2ennreal(enn2ereal l - enn2ereal m)) F"
    apply (intro tendsto_intros) using assms by  auto
  then show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma tendsto_mult_ennreal [tendsto_intros]:
  fixes l m::ennreal
  assumes "(u ⤏ l) F" "(v ⤏ m) F" "¬((l = 0 ∧ m = ∞) ∨ (l = ∞ ∧ m = 0))"
  shows "((λn. u n * v n) ⤏ l * m) F"
proof -
  have "((λn. e2ennreal(enn2ereal (u n) * enn2ereal (v n))) ⤏ e2ennreal(enn2ereal l * enn2ereal m)) F"
    apply (intro tendsto_intros) using assms apply auto
    using enn2ereal_inject zero_ennreal.rep_eq by fastforce+
  moreover have "e2ennreal(enn2ereal (u n) * enn2ereal (v n)) = u n * v n" for n
    by (subst times_ennreal.abs_eq[symmetric], auto simp add: eq_onp_same_args)
  moreover have "e2ennreal(enn2ereal l * enn2ereal m)  = l * m"
    by (subst times_ennreal.abs_eq[symmetric], auto simp add: eq_onp_same_args)
  ultimately show ?thesis
    by auto
qed


subsection ‹monoset›

definition (in order) mono_set:
  "mono_set S ⟷ (∀x y. x ≤ y ⟶ x ∈ S ⟶ y ∈ S)"

lemma (in order) mono_greaterThan [intro, simp]: "mono_set {B<..}" unfolding mono_set by auto
lemma (in order) mono_atLeast [intro, simp]: "mono_set {B..}" unfolding mono_set by auto
lemma (in order) mono_UNIV [intro, simp]: "mono_set UNIV" unfolding mono_set by auto
lemma (in order) mono_empty [intro, simp]: "mono_set {}" unfolding mono_set by auto

lemma (in complete_linorder) mono_set_iff:
  fixes S :: "'a set"
  defines "a ≡ Inf S"
  shows "mono_set S ⟷ S = {a <..} ∨ S = {a..}" (is "_ = ?c")
proof
  assume "mono_set S"
  then have mono: "⋀x y. x ≤ y ⟹ x ∈ S ⟹ y ∈ S"
    by (auto simp: mono_set)
  show ?c
  proof cases
    assume "a ∈ S"
    show ?c
      using mono[OF _ ‹a ∈ S›]
      by (auto intro: Inf_lower simp: a_def)
  next
    assume "a ∉ S"
    have "S = {a <..}"
    proof safe
      fix x assume "x ∈ S"
      then have "a ≤ x"
        unfolding a_def by (rule Inf_lower)
      then show "a < x"
        using ‹x ∈ S› ‹a ∉ S› by (cases "a = x") auto
    next
      fix x assume "a < x"
      then obtain y where "y < x" "y ∈ S"
        unfolding a_def Inf_less_iff ..
      with mono[of y x] show "x ∈ S"
        by auto
    qed
    then show ?c ..
  qed
qed auto

lemma ereal_open_mono_set:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "open S ∧ mono_set S ⟷ S = UNIV ∨ S = {Inf S <..}"
  by (metis Inf_UNIV atLeast_eq_UNIV_iff ereal_open_atLeast
    ereal_open_closed mono_set_iff open_ereal_greaterThan)

lemma ereal_closed_mono_set:
  fixes S :: "ereal set"
  shows "closed S ∧ mono_set S ⟷ S = {} ∨ S = {Inf S ..}"
  by (metis Inf_UNIV atLeast_eq_UNIV_iff closed_ereal_atLeast
    ereal_open_closed mono_empty mono_set_iff open_ereal_greaterThan)

lemma ereal_Liminf_Sup_monoset:
  fixes f :: "'a ⇒ ereal"
  shows "Liminf net f =
    Sup {l. ∀S. open S ⟶ mono_set S ⟶ l ∈ S ⟶ eventually (λx. f x ∈ S) net}"
    (is "_ = Sup ?A")
proof (safe intro!: Liminf_eqI complete_lattice_class.Sup_upper complete_lattice_class.Sup_least)
  fix P
  assume P: "eventually P net"
  fix S
  assume S: "mono_set S" "INFIMUM (Collect P) f ∈ S"
  {
    fix x
    assume "P x"
    then have "INFIMUM (Collect P) f ≤ f x"
      by (intro complete_lattice_class.INF_lower) simp
    with S have "f x ∈ S"
      by (simp add: mono_set)
  }
  with P show "eventually (λx. f x ∈ S) net"
    by (auto elim: eventually_mono)
next
  fix y l
  assume S: "∀S. open S ⟶ mono_set S ⟶ l ∈ S ⟶ eventually  (λx. f x ∈ S) net"
  assume P: "∀P. eventually P net ⟶ INFIMUM (Collect P) f ≤ y"
  show "l ≤ y"
  proof (rule dense_le)
    fix B
    assume "B < l"
    then have "eventually (λx. f x ∈ {B <..}) net"
      by (intro S[rule_format]) auto
    then have "INFIMUM {x. B < f x} f ≤ y"
      using P by auto
    moreover have "B ≤ INFIMUM {x. B < f x} f"
      by (intro INF_greatest) auto
    ultimately show "B ≤ y"
      by simp
  qed
qed

lemma ereal_Limsup_Inf_monoset:
  fixes f :: "'a ⇒ ereal"
  shows "Limsup net f =
    Inf {l. ∀S. open S ⟶ mono_set (uminus ` S) ⟶ l ∈ S ⟶ eventually (λx. f x ∈ S) net}"
    (is "_ = Inf ?A")
proof (safe intro!: Limsup_eqI complete_lattice_class.Inf_lower complete_lattice_class.Inf_greatest)
  fix P
  assume P: "eventually P net"
  fix S
  assume S: "mono_set (uminus`S)" "SUPREMUM (Collect P) f ∈ S"
  {
    fix x
    assume "P x"
    then have "f x ≤ SUPREMUM (Collect P) f"
      by (intro complete_lattice_class.SUP_upper) simp
    with S(1)[unfolded mono_set, rule_format, of "- SUPREMUM (Collect P) f" "- f x"] S(2)
    have "f x ∈ S"
      by (simp add: inj_image_mem_iff) }
  with P show "eventually (λx. f x ∈ S) net"
    by (auto elim: eventually_mono)
next
  fix y l
  assume S: "∀S. open S ⟶ mono_set (uminus ` S) ⟶ l ∈ S ⟶ eventually  (λx. f x ∈ S) net"
  assume P: "∀P. eventually P net ⟶ y ≤ SUPREMUM (Collect P) f"
  show "y ≤ l"
  proof (rule dense_ge)
    fix B
    assume "l < B"
    then have "eventually (λx. f x ∈ {..< B}) net"
      by (intro S[rule_format]) auto
    then have "y ≤ SUPREMUM {x. f x < B} f"
      using P by auto
    moreover have "SUPREMUM {x. f x < B} f ≤ B"
      by (intro SUP_least) auto
    ultimately show "y ≤ B"
      by simp
  qed
qed

lemma liminf_bounded_open:
  fixes x :: "nat ⇒ ereal"
  shows "x0 ≤ liminf x ⟷ (∀S. open S ⟶ mono_set S ⟶ x0 ∈ S ⟶ (∃N. ∀n≥N. x n ∈ S))"
  (is "_ ⟷ ?P x0")
proof
  assume "?P x0"
  then show "x0 ≤ liminf x"
    unfolding ereal_Liminf_Sup_monoset eventually_sequentially
    by (intro complete_lattice_class.Sup_upper) auto
next
  assume "x0 ≤ liminf x"
  {
    fix S :: "ereal set"
    assume om: "open S" "mono_set S" "x0 ∈ S"
    {
      assume "S = UNIV"
      then have "∃N. ∀n≥N. x n ∈ S"
        by auto
    }
    moreover
    {
      assume "S ≠ UNIV"
      then obtain B where B: "S = {B<..}"
        using om ereal_open_mono_set by auto
      then have "B < x0"
        using om by auto
      then have "∃N. ∀n≥N. x n ∈ S"
        unfolding B
        using ‹x0 ≤ liminf x› liminf_bounded_iff
        by auto
    }
    ultimately have "∃N. ∀n≥N. x n ∈ S"
      by auto
  }
  then show "?P x0"
    by auto
qed

lemma limsup_finite_then_bounded:
  fixes u::"nat ⇒ real"
  assumes "limsup u < ∞"
  shows "∃C. ∀n. u n ≤ C"
proof -
  obtain C where C: "limsup u < C" "C < ∞" using assms ereal_dense2 by blast
  then have "C = ereal(real_of_ereal C)" using ereal_real by force
  have "eventually (λn. u n < C) sequentially" using C(1) unfolding Limsup_def
    apply (auto simp add: INF_less_iff)
    using SUP_lessD eventually_mono by fastforce
  then obtain N where N: "⋀n. n ≥ N ⟹ u n < C" using eventually_sequentially by auto
  define D where "D = max (real_of_ereal C) (Max {u n |n. n ≤ N})"
  have "⋀n. u n ≤ D"
  proof -
    fix n show "u n ≤ D"
    proof (cases)
      assume *: "n ≤ N"
      have "u n ≤ Max {u n |n. n ≤ N}" by (rule Max_ge, auto simp add: *)
      then show "u n ≤ D" unfolding D_def by linarith
    next
      assume "¬(n ≤ N)"
      then have "n ≥ N" by simp
      then have "u n < C" using N by auto
      then have "u n < real_of_ereal C" using ‹C = ereal(real_of_ereal C)› less_ereal.simps(1) by fastforce
      then show "u n ≤ D" unfolding D_def by linarith
    qed
  qed
  then show ?thesis by blast
qed

lemma liminf_finite_then_bounded_below:
  fixes u::"nat ⇒ real"
  assumes "liminf u > -∞"
  shows "∃C. ∀n. u n ≥ C"
proof -
  obtain C where C: "liminf u > C" "C > -∞" using assms using ereal_dense2 by blast
  then have "C = ereal(real_of_ereal C)" using ereal_real by force
  have "eventually (λn. u n > C) sequentially" using C(1) unfolding Liminf_def
    apply (auto simp add: less_SUP_iff)
    using eventually_elim2 less_INF_D by fastforce
  then obtain N where N: "⋀n. n ≥ N ⟹ u n > C" using eventually_sequentially by auto
  define D where "D = min (real_of_ereal C) (Min {u n |n. n ≤ N})"
  have "⋀n. u n ≥ D"
  proof -
    fix n show "u n ≥ D"
    proof (cases)
      assume *: "n ≤ N"
      have "u n ≥ Min {u n |n. n ≤ N}" by (rule Min_le, auto simp add: *)
      then show "u n ≥ D" unfolding D_def by linarith
    next
      assume "¬(n ≤ N)"
      then have "n ≥ N" by simp
      then have "u n > C" using N by auto
      then have "u n > real_of_ereal C" using ‹C = ereal(real_of_ereal C)› less_ereal.simps(1) by fastforce
      then show "u n ≥ D" unfolding D_def by linarith
    qed
  qed
  then show ?thesis by blast
qed

lemma liminf_upper_bound:
  fixes u:: "nat ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "liminf u < l"
  shows "∃N>k. u N < l"
by (metis assms gt_ex less_le_trans liminf_bounded_iff not_less)

lemma limsup_shift:
  "limsup (λn. u (n+1)) = limsup u"
proof -
  have "(SUP m:{n+1..}. u m) = (SUP m:{n..}. u (m + 1))" for n
    apply (rule SUP_eq) using Suc_le_D by auto
  then have a: "(INF n. SUP m:{n..}. u (m + 1)) = (INF n. (SUP m:{n+1..}. u m))" by auto
  have b: "(INF n. (SUP m:{n+1..}. u m)) = (INF n:{1..}. (SUP m:{n..}. u m))"
    apply (rule INF_eq) using Suc_le_D by auto
  have "(INF n:{1..}. v n) = (INF n. v n)" if "decseq v" for v::"nat ⇒ 'a"
    apply (rule INF_eq) using ‹decseq v› decseq_Suc_iff by auto
  moreover have "decseq (λn. (SUP m:{n..}. u m))" by (simp add: SUP_subset_mono decseq_def)
  ultimately have c: "(INF n:{1..}. (SUP m:{n..}. u m)) = (INF n. (SUP m:{n..}. u m))" by simp
  have "(INF n. SUPREMUM {n..} u) = (INF n. SUP m:{n..}. u (m + 1))" using a b c by simp
  then show ?thesis by (auto cong: limsup_INF_SUP)
qed

lemma limsup_shift_k:
  "limsup (λn. u (n+k)) = limsup u"
proof (induction k)
  case (Suc k)
  have "limsup (λn. u (n+k+1)) = limsup (λn. u (n+k))" using limsup_shift[where ?u="λn. u(n+k)"] by simp
  then show ?case using Suc.IH by simp
qed (auto)

lemma liminf_shift:
  "liminf (λn. u (n+1)) = liminf u"
proof -
  have "(INF m:{n+1..}. u m) = (INF m:{n..}. u (m + 1))" for n
    apply (rule INF_eq) using Suc_le_D by (auto)
  then have a: "(SUP n. INF m:{n..}. u (m + 1)) = (SUP n. (INF m:{n+1..}. u m))" by auto
  have b: "(SUP n. (INF m:{n+1..}. u m)) = (SUP n:{1..}. (INF m:{n..}. u m))"
    apply (rule SUP_eq) using Suc_le_D by (auto)
  have "(SUP n:{1..}. v n) = (SUP n. v n)" if "incseq v" for v::"nat ⇒ 'a"
    apply (rule SUP_eq) using ‹incseq v› incseq_Suc_iff by auto
  moreover have "incseq (λn. (INF m:{n..}. u m))" by (simp add: INF_superset_mono mono_def)
  ultimately have c: "(SUP n:{1..}. (INF m:{n..}. u m)) = (SUP n. (INF m:{n..}. u m))" by simp
  have "(SUP n. INFIMUM {n..} u) = (SUP n. INF m:{n..}. u (m + 1))" using a b c by simp
  then show ?thesis by (auto cong: liminf_SUP_INF)
qed

lemma liminf_shift_k:
  "liminf (λn. u (n+k)) = liminf u"
proof (induction k)
  case (Suc k)
  have "liminf (λn. u (n+k+1)) = liminf (λn. u (n+k))" using liminf_shift[where ?u="λn. u(n+k)"] by simp
  then show ?case using Suc.IH by simp
qed (auto)

lemma Limsup_obtain:
  fixes u::"_ ⇒ 'a :: complete_linorder"
  assumes "Limsup F u > c"
  shows "∃i. u i > c"
proof -
  have "(INF P:{P. eventually P F}. SUP x:{x. P x}. u x) > c" using assms by (simp add: Limsup_def)
  then show ?thesis by (metis eventually_True mem_Collect_eq less_INF_D less_SUP_iff)
qed

text ‹The next lemma is extremely useful, as it often makes it possible to reduce statements
about limsups to statements about limits.›

lemma limsup_subseq_lim:
  fixes u::"nat ⇒ 'a :: {complete_linorder, linorder_topology}"
  shows "∃r::nat⇒nat. strict_mono r ∧ (u o r) ⇢ limsup u"
proof (cases)
  assume "∀n. ∃p>n. ∀m≥p. u m ≤ u p"
  then have "∃r. ∀n. (∀m≥r n. u m ≤ u (r n)) ∧ r n < r (Suc n)"
    by (intro dependent_nat_choice) (auto simp: conj_commute)
  then obtain r :: "nat ⇒ nat" where "strict_mono r" and mono: "⋀n m. r n ≤ m ⟹ u m ≤ u (r n)"
    by (auto simp: strict_mono_Suc_iff)
  define umax where "umax = (λn. (SUP m:{n..}. u m))"
  have "decseq umax" unfolding umax_def by (simp add: SUP_subset_mono antimono_def)
  then have "umax ⇢ limsup u" unfolding umax_def by (metis LIMSEQ_INF limsup_INF_SUP)
  then have *: "(umax o r) ⇢ limsup u" by (simp add: LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ ‹strict_mono r›)
  have "⋀n. umax(r n) = u(r n)" unfolding umax_def using mono
    by (metis SUP_le_iff antisym atLeast_def mem_Collect_eq order_refl)
  then have "umax o r = u o r" unfolding o_def by simp
  then have "(u o r) ⇢ limsup u" using * by simp
  then show ?thesis using ‹strict_mono r› by blast
next
  assume "¬ (∀n. ∃p>n. (∀m≥p. u m ≤ u p))"
  then obtain N where N: "⋀p. p > N ⟹ ∃m>p. u p < u m" by (force simp: not_le le_less)
  have "∃r. ∀n. N < r n ∧ r n < r (Suc n) ∧ (∀i∈ {N<..r (Suc n)}. u i ≤ u (r (Suc n)))"
  proof (rule dependent_nat_choice)
    fix x assume "N < x"
    then have a: "finite {N<..x}" "{N<..x} ≠ {}" by simp_all
    have "Max {u i |i. i ∈ {N<..x}} ∈ {u i |i. i ∈ {N<..x}}" apply (rule Max_in) using a by (auto)
    then obtain p where "p ∈ {N<..x}" and upmax: "u p = Max{u i |i. i ∈ {N<..x}}" by auto
    define U where "U = {m. m > p ∧ u p < u m}"
    have "U ≠ {}" unfolding U_def using N[of p] ‹p ∈ {N<..x}› by auto
    define y where "y = Inf U"
    then have "y ∈ U" using ‹U ≠ {}› by (simp add: Inf_nat_def1)
    have a: "⋀i. i ∈ {N<..x} ⟹ u i ≤ u p"
    proof -
      fix i assume "i ∈ {N<..x}"
      then have "u i ∈ {u i |i. i ∈ {N<..x}}" by blast
      then show "u i ≤ u p" using upmax by simp
    qed
    moreover have "u p < u y" using ‹y ∈ U› U_def by auto
    ultimately have "y ∉ {N<..x}" using not_le by blast
    moreover have "y > N" using ‹y ∈ U› U_def ‹p ∈ {N<..x}› by auto
    ultimately have "y > x" by auto

    have "⋀i. i ∈ {N<..y} ⟹ u i ≤ u y"
    proof -
      fix i assume "i ∈ {N<..y}" show "u i ≤ u y"
      proof (cases)
        assume "i = y"
        then show ?thesis by simp
      next
        assume "¬(i=y)"
        then have i:"i ∈ {N<..<y}" using ‹i ∈ {N<..y}› by simp
        have "u i ≤ u p"
        proof (cases)
          assume "i ≤ x"
          then have "i ∈ {N<..x}" using i by simp
          then show ?thesis using a by simp
        next
          assume "¬(i ≤ x)"
          then have "i > x" by simp
          then have *: "i > p" using ‹p ∈ {N<..x}› by simp
          have "i < Inf U" using i y_def by simp
          then have "i ∉ U" using Inf_nat_def not_less_Least by auto
          then show ?thesis using U_def * by auto
        qed
        then show "u i ≤ u y" using ‹u p < u y› by auto
      qed
    qed
    then have "N < y ∧ x < y ∧ (∀i∈{N<..y}. u i ≤ u y)" using ‹y > x› ‹y > N› by auto
    then show "∃y>N. x < y ∧ (∀i∈{N<..y}. u i ≤ u y)" by auto
  qed (auto)
  then obtain r where r: "∀n. N < r n ∧ r n < r (Suc n) ∧ (∀i∈ {N<..r (Suc n)}. u i ≤ u (r (Suc n)))" by auto
  have "strict_mono r" using r by (auto simp: strict_mono_Suc_iff)
  have "incseq (u o r)" unfolding o_def using r by (simp add: incseq_SucI order.strict_implies_order)
  then have "(u o r) ⇢ (SUP n. (u o r) n)" using LIMSEQ_SUP by blast
  then have "limsup (u o r) = (SUP n. (u o r) n)" by (simp add: lim_imp_Limsup)
  moreover have "limsup (u o r) ≤ limsup u" using ‹strict_mono r› by (simp add: limsup_subseq_mono)
  ultimately have "(SUP n. (u o r) n) ≤ limsup u" by simp

  {
    fix i assume i: "i ∈ {N<..}"
    obtain n where "i < r (Suc n)" using ‹strict_mono r› using Suc_le_eq seq_suble by blast
    then have "i ∈ {N<..r(Suc n)}" using i by simp
    then have "u i ≤ u (r(Suc n))" using r by simp
    then have "u i ≤ (SUP n. (u o r) n)" unfolding o_def by (meson SUP_upper2 UNIV_I)
  }
  then have "(SUP i:{N<..}. u i) ≤ (SUP n. (u o r) n)" using SUP_least by blast
  then have "limsup u ≤ (SUP n. (u o r) n)" unfolding Limsup_def
    by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) INF_lower2 atLeast_Suc_greaterThan atLeast_def eventually_ge_at_top mem_Collect_eq)
  then have "limsup u = (SUP n. (u o r) n)" using ‹(SUP n. (u o r) n) ≤ limsup u› by simp
  then have "(u o r) ⇢ limsup u" using ‹(u o r) ⇢ (SUP n. (u o r) n)› by simp
  then show ?thesis using ‹strict_mono r› by auto
qed

lemma liminf_subseq_lim:
  fixes u::"nat ⇒ 'a :: {complete_linorder, linorder_topology}"
  shows "∃r::nat⇒nat. strict_mono r ∧ (u o r) ⇢ liminf u"
proof (cases)
  assume "∀n. ∃p>n. ∀m≥p. u m ≥ u p"
  then have "∃r. ∀n. (∀m≥r n. u m ≥ u (r n)) ∧ r n < r (Suc n)"
    by (intro dependent_nat_choice) (auto simp: conj_commute)
  then obtain r :: "nat ⇒ nat" where "strict_mono r" and mono: "⋀n m. r n ≤ m ⟹ u m ≥ u (r n)"
    by (auto simp: strict_mono_Suc_iff)
  define umin where "umin = (λn. (INF m:{n..}. u m))"
  have "incseq umin" unfolding umin_def by (simp add: INF_superset_mono incseq_def)
  then have "umin ⇢ liminf u" unfolding umin_def by (metis LIMSEQ_SUP liminf_SUP_INF)
  then have *: "(umin o r) ⇢ liminf u" by (simp add: LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ ‹strict_mono r›)
  have "⋀n. umin(r n) = u(r n)" unfolding umin_def using mono
    by (metis le_INF_iff antisym atLeast_def mem_Collect_eq order_refl)
  then have "umin o r = u o r" unfolding o_def by simp
  then have "(u o r) ⇢ liminf u" using * by simp
  then show ?thesis using ‹strict_mono r› by blast
next
  assume "¬ (∀n. ∃p>n. (∀m≥p. u m ≥ u p))"
  then obtain N where N: "⋀p. p > N ⟹ ∃m>p. u p > u m" by (force simp: not_le le_less)
  have "∃r. ∀n. N < r n ∧ r n < r (Suc n) ∧ (∀i∈ {N<..r (Suc n)}. u i ≥ u (r (Suc n)))"
  proof (rule dependent_nat_choice)
    fix x assume "N < x"
    then have a: "finite {N<..x}" "{N<..x} ≠ {}" by simp_all
    have "Min {u i |i. i ∈ {N<..x}} ∈ {u i |i. i ∈ {N<..x}}" apply (rule Min_in) using a by (auto)
    then obtain p where "p ∈ {N<..x}" and upmin: "u p = Min{u i |i. i ∈ {N<..x}}" by auto
    define U where "U = {m. m > p ∧ u p > u m}"
    have "U ≠ {}" unfolding U_def using N[of p] ‹p ∈ {N<..x}› by auto
    define y where "y = Inf U"
    then have "y ∈ U" using ‹U ≠ {}› by (simp add: Inf_nat_def1)
    have a: "⋀i. i ∈ {N<..x} ⟹ u i ≥ u p"
    proof -
      fix i assume "i ∈ {N<..x}"
      then have "u i ∈ {u i |i. i ∈ {N<..x}}" by blast
      then show "u i ≥ u p" using upmin by simp
    qed
    moreover have "u p > u y" using ‹y ∈ U› U_def by auto
    ultimately have "y ∉ {N<..x}" using not_le by blast
    moreover have "y > N" using ‹y ∈ U› U_def ‹p ∈ {N<..x}› by auto
    ultimately have "y > x" by auto

    have "⋀i. i ∈ {N<..y} ⟹ u i ≥ u y"
    proof -
      fix i assume "i ∈ {N<..y}" show "u i ≥ u y"
      proof (cases)
        assume "i = y"
        then show ?thesis by simp
      next
        assume "¬(i=y)"
        then have i:"i ∈ {N<..<y}" using ‹i ∈ {N<..y}› by simp
        have "u i ≥ u p"
        proof (cases)
          assume "i ≤ x"
          then have "i ∈ {N<..x}" using i by simp
          then show ?thesis using a by simp
        next
          assume "¬(i ≤ x)"
          then have "i > x" by simp
          then have *: "i > p" using ‹p ∈ {N<..x}› by simp
          have "i < Inf U" using i y_def by simp
          then have "i ∉ U" using Inf_nat_def not_less_Least by auto
          then show ?thesis using U_def * by auto
        qed
        then show "u i ≥ u y" using ‹u p > u y› by auto
      qed
    qed
    then have "N < y ∧ x < y ∧ (∀i∈{N<..y}. u i ≥ u y)" using ‹y > x› ‹y > N› by auto
    then show "∃y>N. x < y ∧ (∀i∈{N<..y}. u i ≥ u y)" by auto
  qed (auto)
  then obtain r :: "nat ⇒ nat" 
    where r: "∀n. N < r n ∧ r n < r (Suc n) ∧ (∀i∈ {N<..r (Suc n)}. u i ≥ u (r (Suc n)))" by auto
  have "strict_mono r" using r by (auto simp: strict_mono_Suc_iff)
  have "decseq (u o r)" unfolding o_def using r by (simp add: decseq_SucI order.strict_implies_order)
  then have "(u o r) ⇢ (INF n. (u o r) n)" using LIMSEQ_INF by blast
  then have "liminf (u o r) = (INF n. (u o r) n)" by (simp add: lim_imp_Liminf)
  moreover have "liminf (u o r) ≥ liminf u" using ‹strict_mono r› by (simp add: liminf_subseq_mono)
  ultimately have "(INF n. (u o r) n) ≥ liminf u" by simp

  {
    fix i assume i: "i ∈ {N<..}"
    obtain n where "i < r (Suc n)" using ‹strict_mono r› using Suc_le_eq seq_suble by blast
    then have "i ∈ {N<..r(Suc n)}" using i by simp
    then have "u i ≥ u (r(Suc n))" using r by simp
    then have "u i ≥ (INF n. (u o r) n)" unfolding o_def by (meson INF_lower2 UNIV_I)
  }
  then have "(INF i:{N<..}. u i) ≥ (INF n. (u o r) n)" using INF_greatest by blast
  then have "liminf u ≥ (INF n. (u o r) n)" unfolding Liminf_def
    by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) SUP_upper2 atLeast_Suc_greaterThan atLeast_def eventually_ge_at_top mem_Collect_eq)
  then have "liminf u = (INF n. (u o r) n)" using ‹(INF n. (u o r) n) ≥ liminf u› by simp
  then have "(u o r) ⇢ liminf u" using ‹(u o r) ⇢ (INF n. (u o r) n)› by simp
  then show ?thesis using ‹strict_mono r› by auto
qed

text ‹The following statement about limsups is reduced to a statement about limits using
subsequences thanks to \verb+limsup_subseq_lim+. The statement for limits follows for instance from
\verb+tendsto_add_ereal_general+.›

lemma ereal_limsup_add_mono:
  fixes u v::"nat ⇒ ereal"
  shows "limsup (λn. u n + v n) ≤ limsup u + limsup v"
proof (cases)
  assume "(limsup u = ∞) ∨ (limsup v = ∞)"
  then have "limsup u + limsup v = ∞" by simp
  then show ?thesis by auto
next
  assume "¬((limsup u = ∞) ∨ (limsup v = ∞))"
  then have "limsup u < ∞" "limsup v < ∞" by auto

  define w where "w = (λn. u n + v n)"
  obtain r where r: "strict_mono r" "(w o r) ⇢ limsup w" using limsup_subseq_lim by auto
  obtain s where s: "strict_mono s" "(u o r o s) ⇢ limsup (u o r)" using limsup_subseq_lim by auto
  obtain t where t: "strict_mono t" "(v o r o s o t) ⇢ limsup (v o r o s)" using limsup_subseq_lim by auto

  define a where "a = r o s o t"
  have "strict_mono a" using r s t by (simp add: a_def strict_mono_o)
  have l:"(w o a) ⇢ limsup w"
         "(u o a) ⇢ limsup (u o r)"
         "(v o a) ⇢ limsup (v o r o s)"
  apply (metis (no_types, lifting) r(2) s(1) t(1) LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ a_def comp_assoc)
  apply (metis (no_types, lifting) s(2) t(1) LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ a_def comp_assoc)
  apply (metis (no_types, lifting) t(2) a_def comp_assoc)
  done

  have "limsup (u o r) ≤ limsup u" by (simp add: limsup_subseq_mono r(1))
  then have a: "limsup (u o r) ≠ ∞" using ‹limsup u < ∞› by auto
  have "limsup (v o r o s) ≤ limsup v" 
    by (simp add: comp_assoc limsup_subseq_mono r(1) s(1) strict_mono_o)
  then have b: "limsup (v o r o s) ≠ ∞" using ‹limsup v < ∞› by auto

  have "(λn. (u o a) n + (v o a) n) ⇢ limsup (u o r) + limsup (v o r o s)"
    using l tendsto_add_ereal_general a b by fastforce
  moreover have "(λn. (u o a) n + (v o a) n) = (w o a)" unfolding w_def by auto
  ultimately have "(w o a) ⇢ limsup (u o r) + limsup (v o r o s)" by simp
  then have "limsup w = limsup (u o r) + limsup (v o r o s)" using l(1) LIMSEQ_unique by blast
  then have "limsup w ≤ limsup u + limsup v"
    using ‹limsup (u o r) ≤ limsup u› ‹limsup (v o r o s) ≤ limsup v› ereal_add_mono by simp
  then show ?thesis unfolding w_def by simp
qed

text ‹There is an asymmetry between liminfs and limsups in ereal, as $\infty + (-\infty) = \infty$.
This explains why there are more assumptions in the next lemma dealing with liminfs that in the
previous one about limsups.›

lemma ereal_liminf_add_mono:
  fixes u v::"nat ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "¬((liminf u = ∞ ∧ liminf v = -∞) ∨ (liminf u = -∞ ∧ liminf v = ∞))"
  shows "liminf (λn. u n + v n) ≥ liminf u + liminf v"
proof (cases)
  assume "(liminf u = -∞) ∨ (liminf v = -∞)"
  then have *: "liminf u + liminf v = -∞" using assms by auto
  show ?thesis by (simp add: *)
next
  assume "¬((liminf u = -∞) ∨ (liminf v = -∞))"
  then have "liminf u > -∞" "liminf v > -∞" by auto

  define w where "w = (λn. u n + v n)"
  obtain r where r: "strict_mono r" "(w o r) ⇢ liminf w" using liminf_subseq_lim by auto
  obtain s where s: "strict_mono s" "(u o r o s) ⇢ liminf (u o r)" using liminf_subseq_lim by auto
  obtain t where t: "strict_mono t" "(v o r o s o t) ⇢ liminf (v o r o s)" using liminf_subseq_lim by auto

  define a where "a = r o s o t"
  have "strict_mono a" using r s t by (simp add: a_def strict_mono_o)
  have l:"(w o a) ⇢ liminf w"
         "(u o a) ⇢ liminf (u o r)"
         "(v o a) ⇢ liminf (v o r o s)"
  apply (metis (no_types, lifting) r(2) s(1) t(1) LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ a_def comp_assoc)
  apply (metis (no_types, lifting) s(2) t(1) LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ a_def comp_assoc)
  apply (metis (no_types, lifting) t(2) a_def comp_assoc)
  done

  have "liminf (u o r) ≥ liminf u" by (simp add: liminf_subseq_mono r(1))
  then have a: "liminf (u o r) ≠ -∞" using ‹liminf u > -∞› by auto
  have "liminf (v o r o s) ≥ liminf v" 
    by (simp add: comp_assoc liminf_subseq_mono r(1) s(1) strict_mono_o)
  then have b: "liminf (v o r o s) ≠ -∞" using ‹liminf v > -∞› by auto

  have "(λn. (u o a) n + (v o a) n) ⇢ liminf (u o r) + liminf (v o r o s)"
    using l tendsto_add_ereal_general a b by fastforce
  moreover have "(λn. (u o a) n + (v o a) n) = (w o a)" unfolding w_def by auto
  ultimately have "(w o a) ⇢ liminf (u o r) + liminf (v o r o s)" by simp
  then have "liminf w = liminf (u o r) + liminf (v o r o s)" using l(1) LIMSEQ_unique by blast
  then have "liminf w ≥ liminf u + liminf v"
    using ‹liminf (u o r) ≥ liminf u› ‹liminf (v o r o s) ≥ liminf v› ereal_add_mono by simp
  then show ?thesis unfolding w_def by simp
qed

lemma ereal_limsup_lim_add:
  fixes u v::"nat ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "u ⇢ a" "abs(a) ≠ ∞"
  shows "limsup (λn. u n + v n) = a + limsup v"
proof -
  have "limsup u = a" using assms(1) using tendsto_iff_Liminf_eq_Limsup trivial_limit_at_top_linorder by blast
  have "(λn. -u n) ⇢ -a" using assms(1) by auto
  then have "limsup (λn. -u n) = -a" using tendsto_iff_Liminf_eq_Limsup trivial_limit_at_top_linorder by blast

  have "limsup (λn. u n + v n) ≤ limsup u + limsup v"
    by (rule ereal_limsup_add_mono)
  then have up: "limsup (λn. u n + v n) ≤ a + limsup v" using ‹limsup u = a› by simp

  have a: "limsup (λn. (u n + v n) + (-u n)) ≤ limsup (λn. u n + v n) + limsup (λn. -u n)"
    by (rule ereal_limsup_add_mono)
  have "eventually (λn. u n = ereal(real_of_ereal(u n))) sequentially" using assms
    real_lim_then_eventually_real by auto
  moreover have "⋀x. x = ereal(real_of_ereal(x)) ⟹ x + (-x) = 0"
    by (metis plus_ereal.simps(1) right_minus uminus_ereal.simps(1) zero_ereal_def)
  ultimately have "eventually (λn. u n + (-u n) = 0) sequentially"
    by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) eventually_mono)
  moreover have "⋀n. u n + (-u n) = 0 ⟹ u n + v n + (-u n) = v n"
    by (metis add.commute add.left_commute add.left_neutral)
  ultimately have "eventually (λn. u n + v n + (-u n) = v n) sequentially"
    using eventually_mono by force
  then have "limsup v = limsup (λn. u n + v n + (-u n))" using Limsup_eq by force
  then have "limsup v ≤ limsup (λn. u n + v n) -a" using a ‹limsup (λn. -u n) = -a› by (simp add: minus_ereal_def)
  then have "limsup (λn. u n + v n) ≥ a + limsup v" using assms(2) by (metis add.commute ereal_le_minus)
  then show ?thesis using up by simp
qed

lemma ereal_limsup_lim_mult:
  fixes u v::"nat ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "u ⇢ a" "a>0" "a ≠ ∞"
  shows "limsup (λn. u n * v n) = a * limsup v"
proof -
  define w where "w = (λn. u n * v n)"
  obtain r where r: "strict_mono r" "(v o r) ⇢ limsup v" using limsup_subseq_lim by auto
  have "(u o r) ⇢ a" using assms(1) LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ r by auto
  with tendsto_mult_ereal[OF this r(2)] have "(λn. (u o r) n * (v o r) n) ⇢ a * limsup v" using assms(2) assms(3) by auto
  moreover have "⋀n. (w o r) n = (u o r) n * (v o r) n" unfolding w_def by auto
  ultimately have "(w o r) ⇢ a * limsup v" unfolding w_def by presburger
  then have "limsup (w o r) = a * limsup v" by (simp add: tendsto_iff_Liminf_eq_Limsup)
  then have I: "limsup w ≥ a * limsup v" by (metis limsup_subseq_mono r(1))

  obtain s where s: "strict_mono s" "(w o s) ⇢ limsup w" using limsup_subseq_lim by auto
  have *: "(u o s) ⇢ a" using assms(1) LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ s by auto
  have "eventually (λn. (u o s) n > 0) sequentially" using assms(2) * order_tendsto_iff by blast
  moreover have "eventually (λn. (u o s) n < ∞) sequentially" using assms(3) * order_tendsto_iff by blast
  moreover have "(w o s) n / (u o s) n = (v o s) n" if "(u o s) n > 0" "(u o s) n < ∞" for n
    unfolding w_def using that by (auto simp add: ereal_divide_eq)
  ultimately have "eventually (λn. (w o s) n / (u o s) n = (v o s) n) sequentially" using eventually_elim2 by force
  moreover have "(λn. (w o s) n / (u o s) n) ⇢ (limsup w) / a"
    apply (rule tendsto_divide_ereal[OF s(2) *]) using assms(2) assms(3) by auto
  ultimately have "(v o s) ⇢ (limsup w) / a" using Lim_transform_eventually by fastforce
  then have "limsup (v o s) = (limsup w) / a" by (simp add: tendsto_iff_Liminf_eq_Limsup)
  then have "limsup v ≥ (limsup w) / a" by (metis limsup_subseq_mono s(1))
  then have "a * limsup v ≥ limsup w" using assms(2) assms(3) by (simp add: ereal_divide_le_pos)
  then show ?thesis using I unfolding w_def by auto
qed

lemma ereal_liminf_lim_mult:
  fixes u v::"nat ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "u ⇢ a" "a>0" "a ≠ ∞"
  shows "liminf (λn. u n * v n) = a * liminf v"
proof -
  define w where "w = (λn. u n * v n)"
  obtain r where r: "strict_mono r" "(v o r) ⇢ liminf v" using liminf_subseq_lim by auto
  have "(u o r) ⇢ a" using assms(1) LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ r by auto
  with tendsto_mult_ereal[OF this r(2)] have "(λn. (u o r) n * (v o r) n) ⇢ a * liminf v" using assms(2) assms(3) by auto
  moreover have "⋀n. (w o r) n = (u o r) n * (v o r) n" unfolding w_def by auto
  ultimately have "(w o r) ⇢ a * liminf v" unfolding w_def by presburger
  then have "liminf (w o r) = a * liminf v" by (simp add: tendsto_iff_Liminf_eq_Limsup)
  then have I: "liminf w ≤ a * liminf v" by (metis liminf_subseq_mono r(1))

  obtain s where s: "strict_mono s" "(w o s) ⇢ liminf w" using liminf_subseq_lim by auto
  have *: "(u o s) ⇢ a" using assms(1) LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ s by auto
  have "eventually (λn. (u o s) n > 0) sequentially" using assms(2) * order_tendsto_iff by blast
  moreover have "eventually (λn. (u o s) n < ∞) sequentially" using assms(3) * order_tendsto_iff by blast
  moreover have "(w o s) n / (u o s) n = (v o s) n" if "(u o s) n > 0" "(u o s) n < ∞" for n
    unfolding w_def using that by (auto simp add: ereal_divide_eq)
  ultimately have "eventually (λn. (w o s) n / (u o s) n = (v o s) n) sequentially" using eventually_elim2 by force
  moreover have "(λn. (w o s) n / (u o s) n) ⇢ (liminf w) / a"
    apply (rule tendsto_divide_ereal[OF s(2) *]) using assms(2) assms(3) by auto
  ultimately have "(v o s) ⇢ (liminf w) / a" using Lim_transform_eventually by fastforce
  then have "liminf (v o s) = (liminf w) / a" by (simp add: tendsto_iff_Liminf_eq_Limsup)
  then have "liminf v ≤ (liminf w) / a" by (metis liminf_subseq_mono s(1))
  then have "a * liminf v ≤ liminf w" using assms(2) assms(3) by (simp add: ereal_le_divide_pos)
  then show ?thesis using I unfolding w_def by auto
qed

lemma ereal_liminf_lim_add:
  fixes u v::"nat ⇒ ereal"
  assumes "u ⇢ a" "abs(a) ≠ ∞"
  shows "liminf (λn. u n + v n) = a + liminf v"
proof -
  have "liminf u = a" using assms(1) tendsto_iff_Liminf_eq_Limsup trivial_limit_at_top_linorder by blast
  then have *: "abs(liminf u) ≠ ∞" using assms(2) by auto
  have "(λn. -u n) ⇢ -a" using assms(1) by auto
  then have "liminf (λn. -u n) = -a" using tendsto_iff_Liminf_eq_Limsup trivial_limit_at_top_linorder by blast
  then have **: "abs(liminf (λn. -u n)) ≠ ∞" using assms(2) by auto

  have "liminf (λn. u n + v n) ≥ liminf u + liminf v"
    apply (rule ereal_liminf_add_mono) using * by auto
  then have up: "liminf (λn. u n + v n) ≥ a + liminf v" using ‹liminf u = a› by simp

  have a: "liminf (λn. (u n + v n) + (-u n)) ≥ liminf (λn. u n + v n) + liminf (λn. -u n)"
    apply (rule ereal_liminf_add_mono) using ** by auto
  have "eventually (λn. u n = ereal(real_of_ereal(u n))) sequentially" using assms
    real_lim_then_eventually_real by auto
  moreover have "⋀x. x = ereal(real_of_ereal(x)) ⟹ x + (-x) = 0"
    by (metis plus_ereal.simps(1) right_minus uminus_ereal.simps(1) zero_ereal_def)
  ultimately have "eventually (λn. u n + (-u n) = 0) sequentially"
    by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) eventually_mono)
  moreover have "⋀n. u n + (-u n) = 0 ⟹ u n + v n + (-u n) = v n"
    by (metis add.commute add.left_commute add.left_neutral)
  ultimately have "eventually (λn. u n + v n + (-u n) = v n) sequentially"
    using eventually_mono by force
  then have "liminf v = liminf (λn. u n + v n + (-u n))" using Liminf_eq by force
  then have "liminf v ≥ liminf (λn. u n + v n) -a" using a ‹liminf (λn. -u n) = -a› by (simp add: minus_ereal_def)
  then have "liminf (λn. u n + v n) ≤ a + liminf v" using assms(2) by (metis add.commute ereal_minus_le)
  then show ?thesis using up by simp
qed

lemma ereal_liminf_limsup_add:
  fixes u v::"nat ⇒ ereal"
  shows "liminf (λn. u n + v n) ≤ liminf u + limsup v"
proof (cases)
  assume "limsup v = ∞ ∨ liminf u = ∞"
  then show ?thesis by auto
next
  assume "¬(limsup v = ∞ ∨ liminf u = ∞)"
  then have "limsup v < ∞" "liminf u < ∞" by auto

  define w where "w = (λn. u n + v n)"
  obtain r where r: "strict_mono r" "(u o r) ⇢ liminf u" using liminf_subseq_lim by auto
  obtain s where s: "strict_mono s" "(w o r o s) ⇢ liminf (w o r)" using liminf_subseq_lim by auto
  obtain t where t: "strict_mono t" "(v o r o s o t) ⇢ limsup (v o r o s)" using limsup_subseq_lim by auto

  define a where "a = r o s o t"
  have "strict_mono a" using r s t by (simp add: a_def strict_mono_o)
  have l:"(u o a) ⇢ liminf u"
         "(w o a) ⇢ liminf (w o r)"
         "(v o a) ⇢ limsup (v o r o s)"
  apply (metis (no_types, lifting) r(2) s(1) t(1) LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ a_def comp_assoc)
  apply (metis (no_types, lifting) s(2) t(1) LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ a_def comp_assoc)
  apply (metis (no_types, lifting) t(2) a_def comp_assoc)
  done

  have "liminf (w o r) ≥ liminf w" by (simp add: liminf_subseq_mono r(1))
  have "limsup (v o r o s) ≤ limsup v" 
    by (simp add: comp_assoc limsup_subseq_mono r(1) s(1) strict_mono_o)
  then have b: "limsup (v o r o s) < ∞" using ‹limsup v < ∞› by auto

  have "(λn. (u o a) n + (v o a) n) ⇢ liminf u + limsup (v o r o s)"
    apply (rule tendsto_add_ereal_general) using b ‹liminf u < ∞› l(1) l(3) by force+
  moreover have "(λn. (u o a) n + (v o a) n) = (w o a)" unfolding w_def by auto
  ultimately have "(w o a) ⇢ liminf u + limsup (v o r o s)" by simp
  then have "liminf (w o r) = liminf u + limsup (v o r o s)" using l(2) using LIMSEQ_unique by blast
  then have "liminf w ≤ liminf u + limsup v"
    using ‹liminf (w o r) ≥ liminf w› ‹limsup (v o r o s) ≤ limsup v›
    by (metis add_mono_thms_linordered_semiring(2) le_less_trans not_less)
  then show ?thesis unfolding w_def by simp
qed

lemma ereal_liminf_limsup_minus:
  fixes u v::"nat ⇒ ereal"
  shows "liminf (λn. u n - v n) ≤ limsup u - limsup v"
  unfolding minus_ereal_def
  apply (subst add.commute)
  apply (rule order_trans[OF ereal_liminf_limsup_add])
  using ereal_Limsup_uminus[of sequentially "λn. - v n"]
  apply (simp add: add.commute)
  done


lemma liminf_minus_ennreal:
  fixes u v::"nat ⇒ ennreal"
  shows "(⋀n. v n ≤ u n) ⟹ liminf (λn. u n - v n) ≤ limsup u - limsup v"
  unfolding liminf_SUP_INF limsup_INF_SUP
  including ennreal.lifting
proof (transfer, clarsimp)
  fix v u :: "nat ⇒ ereal" assume *: "∀x. 0 ≤ v x" "∀x. 0 ≤ u x" "⋀n. v n ≤ u n"
  moreover have "0 ≤ limsup u - limsup v"
    using * by (intro ereal_diff_positive Limsup_mono always_eventually) simp
  moreover have "0 ≤ (SUPREMUM {x..} v)" for x
    using * by (intro SUP_upper2[of x]) auto
  moreover have "0 ≤ (SUPREMUM {x..} u)" for x
    using * by (intro SUP_upper2[of x]) auto
  ultimately show "(SUP n. INF n:{n..}. max 0 (u n - v n))
            ≤ max 0 ((INF x. max 0 (SUPREMUM {x..} u)) - (INF x. max 0 (SUPREMUM {x..} v)))"
    by (auto simp: * ereal_diff_positive max.absorb2 liminf_SUP_INF[symmetric] limsup_INF_SUP[symmetric] ereal_liminf_limsup_minus)
qed

subsection "Relate extended reals and the indicator function"

lemma ereal_indicator_le_0: "(indicator S x::ereal) ≤ 0 ⟷ x ∉ S"
  by (auto split: split_indicator simp: one_ereal_def)

lemma ereal_indicator: "ereal (indicator A x) = indicator A x"
  by (auto simp: indicator_def one_ereal_def)

lemma ereal_mult_indicator: "ereal (x * indicator A y) = ereal x * indicator A y"
  by (simp split: split_indicator)

lemma ereal_indicator_mult: "ereal (indicator A y * x) = indicator A y * ereal x"
  by (simp split: split_indicator)

lemma ereal_indicator_nonneg[simp, intro]: "0 ≤ (indicator A x ::ereal)"
  unfolding indicator_def by auto

lemma indicator_inter_arith_ereal: "indicator A x * indicator B x = (indicator (A ∩ B) x :: ereal)"
  by (simp split: split_indicator)

end