subsection ‹Resultant›
text ‹This theory contains
facts about resultants which are required for addition and multiplication
of algebraic numbers.
The results are taken from the textbook \cite[pages 227ff and 235ff]{AlgNumbers}.
›
theory Resultant
imports
Polynomial_Factorization.Rational_Factorization
Subresultants.Subresultant_Gcd
Berlekamp_Zassenhaus.Unique_Factorization_Poly
Bivariate_Polynomials
begin
subsubsection {* Sylvester matrices and vector representation of polynomials *}
definition vec_of_poly_rev_shifted where
"vec_of_poly_rev_shifted p n j ≡
vec n (λi. if i ≤ j ∧ j ≤ degree p + i then coeff p (degree p + i - j) else 0)"
lemma vec_of_poly_rev_shifted_dim[simp]: "dim_vec (vec_of_poly_rev_shifted p n j) = n"
unfolding vec_of_poly_rev_shifted_def by auto
lemma col_sylvester:
fixes p q
defines "m ≡ degree p" and "n ≡ degree q"
assumes j: "j < m+n"
shows "col (sylvester_mat p q) j =
vec_of_poly_rev_shifted p n j @⇩v vec_of_poly_rev_shifted q m j" (is "?l = ?r")
proof
note [simp] = m_def[symmetric] n_def[symmetric]
show "dim_vec ?l = dim_vec ?r" by simp
fix i assume "i < dim_vec ?r" hence i: "i < m+n" by auto
show "?l $ i = ?r $ i"
unfolding vec_of_poly_rev_shifted_def
apply (subst index_col) using i apply simp using j apply simp
apply (subst sylvester_index_mat) using i apply simp using j apply simp
apply (cases "i < n") apply force using i by simp
qed
lemma inj_on_diff_nat2: "inj_on (λi. (n::nat) - i) {..n}" by (rule inj_onI, auto)
lemma image_diff_atMost: "(λi. (n::nat) - i) ` {..n} = {..n}" (is "?l = ?r")
unfolding set_eq_iff
proof (intro allI iffI)
fix x assume x: "x ∈ ?r"
thus "x ∈ ?l" unfolding image_def mem_Collect_eq
by(intro bexI[of _ "n-x"],auto)
qed auto
lemma sylvester_sum_mat_upper:
fixes p q :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly"
defines "m ≡ degree p" and "n ≡ degree q"
assumes i: "i < n"
shows "(∑j<m+n. monom (sylvester_mat p q $$ (i,j)) (m + n - Suc j)) =
monom 1 (n - Suc i) * p" (is "sum ?f _ = ?r")
proof -
have n1: "n ≥ 1" using i by auto
define ni1 where "ni1 = n-Suc i"
hence ni1: "n-i = Suc ni1" using i by auto
define l where "l = m+n-1"
hence l: "Suc l = m+n" using n1 by auto
let ?g = "λj. monom (coeff (monom 1 (n-Suc i) * p) j) j"
let ?p = "λj. l-j"
have "sum ?f {..<m+n} = sum ?f {..l}"
unfolding l[symmetric] unfolding lessThan_Suc_atMost..
also {
fix j assume j: "j≤l"
have "?f j = ((λj. monom (coeff (monom 1 (n-i) * p) (Suc j)) j) ∘ ?p) j"
apply(subst sylvester_index_mat2)
using i j unfolding l_def m_def[symmetric] n_def[symmetric]
by (auto simp add: Suc_diff_Suc)
also have "... = (?g ∘ ?p) j"
unfolding ni1
unfolding coeff_monom_Suc
unfolding ni1_def
using i by auto
finally have "?f j = (?g ∘ ?p) j".
}
hence "(∑j≤l. ?f j) = (∑j≤l. (?g∘?p) j)" using l by auto
also have "... = (∑j≤l. ?g j)"
unfolding l_def
using sum.reindex[OF inj_on_diff_nat2,symmetric,unfolded image_diff_atMost].
also have "degree ?r ≤ l"
using degree_mult_le[of "monom 1 (n-Suc i)" p]
unfolding l_def m_def
unfolding degree_monom_eq[OF one_neq_zero] using i by auto
from poly_as_sum_of_monoms'[OF this]
have "(∑j≤l. ?g j) = ?r".
finally show ?thesis.
qed
lemma sylvester_sum_mat_lower:
fixes p q :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly"
defines "m ≡ degree p" and "n ≡ degree q"
assumes ni: "n ≤ i" and imn: "i < m+n"
shows "(∑j<m+n. monom (sylvester_mat p q $$ (i,j)) (m + n - Suc j)) =
monom 1 (m + n - Suc i) * q" (is "sum ?f _ = ?r")
proof -
define l where "l = m+n-1"
hence l: "Suc l = m+n" using imn by auto
define mni1 where "mni1 = m + n - Suc i"
hence mni1: "m+n-i = Suc mni1" using imn by auto
let ?g = "λj. monom (coeff (monom 1 (m + n - Suc i) * q) j) j"
let ?p = "λj. l-j"
have "sum ?f {..<m+n} = sum ?f {..l}"
unfolding l[symmetric] unfolding lessThan_Suc_atMost..
also {
fix j assume j: "j≤l"
have "?f j = ((λj. monom (coeff (monom 1 (m+n-i) * q) (Suc j)) j) ∘ ?p) j"
apply(subst sylvester_index_mat2)
using ni imn j unfolding l_def m_def[symmetric] n_def[symmetric]
by (auto simp add: Suc_diff_Suc)
also have "... = (?g ∘ ?p) j"
unfolding mni1
unfolding coeff_monom_Suc
unfolding mni1_def..
finally have "?f j = ...".
}
hence "(∑j≤l. ?f j) = (∑j≤l. (?g∘?p) j)" by auto
also have "... = (∑j≤l. ?g j)"
using sum.reindex[OF inj_on_diff_nat2,symmetric,unfolded image_diff_atMost].
also have "degree ?r ≤ l"
using degree_mult_le[of "monom 1 (m+n-1-i)" q]
unfolding l_def n_def[symmetric]
unfolding degree_monom_eq[OF one_neq_zero] using ni imn by auto
from poly_as_sum_of_monoms'[OF this]
have "(∑j≤l. ?g j) = ?r".
finally show ?thesis.
qed
definition "vec_of_poly p ≡ let m = degree p in vec (Suc m) (λi. coeff p (m-i))"
definition "poly_of_vec v ≡ let d = dim_vec v in ∑i<d. monom (v $ (d - Suc i)) i"
lemma poly_of_vec_of_poly[simp]:
fixes p :: "'a :: comm_monoid_add poly"
shows "poly_of_vec (vec_of_poly p) = p"
unfolding poly_of_vec_def vec_of_poly_def Let_def
unfolding dim_vec
unfolding lessThan_Suc_atMost
using poly_as_sum_of_monoms[of p] by auto
lemma poly_of_vec_0[simp]: "poly_of_vec (0⇩v n) = 0" unfolding poly_of_vec_def Let_def by auto
lemma poly_of_vec_0_iff[simp]:
fixes v :: "'a :: comm_monoid_add vec"
shows "poly_of_vec v = 0 ⟷ v = 0⇩v (dim_vec v)" (is "?v = _ ⟷ _ = ?z")
proof
assume "?v = 0"
hence "∀i∈{..<dim_vec v}. v $ (dim_vec v - Suc i) = 0"
unfolding poly_of_vec_def Let_def
by (subst sum_monom_0_iff[symmetric],auto)
hence a: "⋀i. i < dim_vec v ⟹ v $ (dim_vec v - Suc i) = 0" by auto
{ fix i assume "i < dim_vec v"
hence "v $ i = 0" using a[of "dim_vec v - Suc i"] by auto
}
thus "v = ?z" by auto
next assume r: "v = ?z"
show "?v = 0" apply (subst r) by auto
qed
lemma degree_sum_smaller:
assumes "n > 0" "finite A"
shows "(⋀ x. x ∈A ⟹ degree (f x) < n) ⟹ degree (∑x∈A. f x) < n"
using `finite A`
by(induct rule: finite_induct)
(simp_all add: degree_add_less assms)
lemma degree_poly_of_vec_less:
fixes v :: "'a :: comm_monoid_add vec"
assumes dim: "dim_vec v > 0"
shows "degree (poly_of_vec v) < dim_vec v"
unfolding poly_of_vec_def Let_def
apply(rule degree_sum_smaller)
using dim apply force
apply force
unfolding lessThan_iff
by (metis degree_0 degree_monom_eq dim monom_eq_0_iff)
lemma coeff_poly_of_vec:
"coeff (poly_of_vec v) i = (if i < dim_vec v then v $ (dim_vec v - Suc i) else 0)"
(is "?l = ?r")
proof -
have "?l = (∑x<dim_vec v. if x = i then v $ (dim_vec v - Suc x) else 0)" (is "_ = ?m")
unfolding poly_of_vec_def Let_def coeff_sum coeff_monom ..
also have "… = ?r"
proof (cases "i < dim_vec v")
case False
show ?thesis
by (subst sum.neutral, insert False, auto)
next
case True
show ?thesis
by (subst sum.remove[of _ i], force, force simp: True, subst sum.neutral, insert True, auto)
qed
finally show ?thesis .
qed
lemma vec_of_poly_rev_shifted_scalar_prod:
fixes p v
defines "q ≡ poly_of_vec v"
assumes m[simp]: "degree p = m" and n: "dim_vec v = n"
assumes j: "j < m+n"
shows "vec_of_poly_rev_shifted p n (n+m-Suc j) ∙ v = coeff (p * q) j" (is "?l = ?r")
proof -
have id1: "⋀ i. m + i - (n + m - Suc j) = i + Suc j - n"
using j by auto
let ?g = "λ i. if i ≤ n + m - Suc j ∧ n - Suc j ≤ i then coeff p (i + Suc j - n) * v $ i else 0"
have "?thesis = ((∑i = 0..<n. ?g i) =
(∑i≤j. coeff p i * (if j - i < n then v $ (n - Suc (j - i)) else 0)))" (is "_ = (?l = ?r)")
unfolding vec_of_poly_rev_shifted_def coeff_mult m scalar_prod_def n q_def
coeff_poly_of_vec
by (subst sum.cong, insert id1, auto)
also have "..."
proof -
have "?r = (∑i≤j. (if j - i < n then coeff p i * v $ (n - Suc (j - i)) else 0))" (is "_ = sum ?f _")
by (rule sum.cong, auto)
also have "sum ?f {..j} = sum ?f ({i. i ≤ j ∧ j - i < n} ∪ {i. i ≤ j ∧ ¬ j - i < n})"
(is "_ = sum _ (?R1 ∪ ?R2)")
by (rule sum.cong, auto)
also have "… = sum ?f ?R1 + sum ?f ?R2"
by (subst sum.union_disjoint, auto)
also have "sum ?f ?R2 = 0"
by (rule sum.neutral, auto)
also have "sum ?f ?R1 + 0 = sum (λ i. coeff p i * v $ (i + n - Suc j)) ?R1"
(is "_ = sum ?F _")
by (subst sum.cong, auto simp: ac_simps)
also have "… = sum ?F ((?R1 ∩ {..m}) ∪ (?R1 - {..m}))"
(is "_ = sum _ (?R ∪ ?R')")
by (rule sum.cong, auto)
also have "… = sum ?F ?R + sum ?F ?R'"
by (subst sum.union_disjoint, auto)
also have "sum ?F ?R' = 0"
proof -
{
fix x
assume "x > m"
from coeff_eq_0[OF this[folded m]]
have "?F x = 0" by simp
}
thus ?thesis
by (subst sum.neutral, auto)
qed
finally have r: "?r = sum ?F ?R" by simp
have "?l = sum ?g ({i. i < n ∧ i ≤ n + m - Suc j ∧ n - Suc j ≤ i}
∪ {i. i < n ∧ ¬ (i ≤ n + m - Suc j ∧ n - Suc j ≤ i)})"
(is "_ = sum _ (?L1 ∪ ?L2)")
by (rule sum.cong, auto)
also have "… = sum ?g ?L1 + sum ?g ?L2"
by (subst sum.union_disjoint, auto)
also have "sum ?g ?L2 = 0"
by (rule sum.neutral, auto)
also have "sum ?g ?L1 + 0 = sum (λ i. coeff p (i + Suc j - n) * v $ i) ?L1"
(is "_ = sum ?G _")
by (subst sum.cong, auto)
also have "… = sum ?G (?L1 ∩ {i. i + Suc j - n ≤ m} ∪ (?L1 - {i. i + Suc j - n ≤ m}))"
(is "_ = sum _ (?L ∪ ?L')")
by (subst sum.cong, auto)
also have "… = sum ?G ?L + sum ?G ?L'"
by (subst sum.union_disjoint, auto)
also have "sum ?G ?L' = 0"
proof -
{
fix x
assume "x + Suc j - n > m"
from coeff_eq_0[OF this[folded m]]
have "?G x = 0" by simp
}
thus ?thesis
by (subst sum.neutral, auto)
qed
finally have l: "?l = sum ?G ?L" by simp
let ?bij = "λ i. i + n - Suc j"
{
fix x
assume x: "j < m + n" "Suc (x + j) - n ≤ m" "x < n" "n - Suc j ≤ x"
define y where "y = x + Suc j - n"
from x have "x + Suc j ≥ n" by auto
with x have xy: "x = ?bij y" unfolding y_def by auto
from x have y: "y ∈ ?R" unfolding y_def by auto
have "x ∈ ?bij ` ?R" unfolding xy using y by blast
} note tedious = this
show ?thesis unfolding l r
by (rule sum.reindex_cong[of ?bij], insert j, auto simp: inj_on_def tedious)
qed
finally show ?thesis by simp
qed
lemma sylvester_vec_poly:
fixes p q :: "'a :: comm_semiring_0 poly"
defines "m ≡ degree p"
and "n ≡ degree q"
assumes v: "v ∈ carrier_vec (m+n)"
shows "poly_of_vec (transpose_mat (sylvester_mat p q) *⇩v v) =
poly_of_vec (vec_first v n) * p + poly_of_vec (vec_last v m) * q" (is "?l = ?r")
proof (rule poly_eqI)
fix i
note mn[simp] = m_def[symmetric] n_def[symmetric]
let ?Tv = "transpose_mat (sylvester_mat p q) *⇩v v"
have dim: "dim_vec (vec_first v n) = n" "dim_vec (vec_last v m) = m" "dim_vec ?Tv = n + m"
using v by auto
have if_distrib: "⋀ x y z. (if x then y else (0 :: 'a)) * z = (if x then y * z else 0)"
by auto
show "coeff ?l i = coeff ?r i"
proof (cases "i < m+n")
case False
hence i_mn: "i ≥ m+n"
and i_n: "⋀x. x ≤ i ∧ x < n ⟷ x < n"
and i_m: "⋀x. x ≤ i ∧ x < m ⟷ x < m" by auto
have "coeff ?r i =
(∑ x < n. vec_first v n $ (n - Suc x) * coeff p (i - x)) +
(∑ x < m. vec_last v m $ (m - Suc x) * coeff q (i - x))"
(is "_ = sum ?f _ + sum ?g _")
unfolding coeff_add coeff_mult Let_def
unfolding coeff_poly_of_vec dim if_distrib
unfolding atMost_def
apply(subst sum.inter_filter[symmetric],simp)
apply(subst sum.inter_filter[symmetric],simp)
unfolding mem_Collect_eq
unfolding i_n i_m
unfolding lessThan_def by simp
also { fix x assume x: "x < n"
have "coeff p (i-x) = 0"
apply(rule coeff_eq_0) using i_mn x unfolding m_def by auto
hence "?f x = 0" by auto
} hence "sum ?f {..<n} = 0" by auto
also { fix x assume x: "x < m"
have "coeff q (i-x) = 0"
apply(rule coeff_eq_0) using i_mn x unfolding n_def by auto
hence "?g x = 0" by auto
} hence "sum ?g {..<m} = 0" by auto
finally have "coeff ?r i = 0" by auto
also from False have "0 = coeff ?l i"
unfolding coeff_poly_of_vec dim sum.distrib[symmetric] by auto
finally show ?thesis by auto
next case True
hence "coeff ?l i = (transpose_mat (sylvester_mat p q) *⇩v v) $ (n + m - Suc i)"
unfolding coeff_poly_of_vec dim sum.distrib[symmetric] by auto
also have "... = coeff (p * poly_of_vec (vec_first v n) + q * poly_of_vec (vec_last v m)) i"
apply(subst index_mult_mat_vec) using True apply simp
apply(subst row_transpose) using True apply simp
apply(subst col_sylvester)
unfolding mn using True apply simp
apply(subst vec_first_last_append[of v n m,symmetric]) using v apply(simp add: add.commute)
apply(subst scalar_prod_append)
apply (rule carrier_vecI,simp)+
apply (subst vec_of_poly_rev_shifted_scalar_prod,simp,simp) using True apply simp
apply (subst add.commute[of n m])
apply (subst vec_of_poly_rev_shifted_scalar_prod,simp,simp) using True apply simp
by simp
also have "... =
(∑x≤i. (if x < n then vec_first v n $ (n - Suc x) else 0) * coeff p (i - x)) +
(∑x≤i. (if x < m then vec_last v m $ (m - Suc x) else 0) * coeff q (i - x))"
unfolding coeff_poly_of_vec[of "vec_first v n",unfolded dim_vec_first,symmetric]
unfolding coeff_poly_of_vec[of "vec_last v m",unfolded dim_vec_last,symmetric]
unfolding coeff_mult[symmetric] by (simp add: mult.commute)
also have "... = coeff ?r i"
unfolding coeff_add coeff_mult Let_def
unfolding coeff_poly_of_vec dim..
finally show ?thesis.
qed
qed
subsubsection ‹Homomorphism and Resultant›
text ‹Here we prove Lemma~7.3.1 of the textbook.›
lemma(in comm_ring_hom) resultant_sub_map_poly:
fixes p q :: "'a poly"
shows "hom (resultant_sub m n p q) = resultant_sub m n (map_poly hom p) (map_poly hom q)"
(is "?l = ?r'")
proof -
let ?mh = "map_poly hom"
have "?l = det (sylvester_mat_sub m n (?mh p) (?mh q))"
unfolding resultant_sub_def
apply(subst sylvester_mat_sub_map[symmetric]) by auto
thus ?thesis unfolding resultant_sub_def.
qed
subsubsection‹Resultant as Polynomial Expression›
context begin
text {* This context provides notions for proving Lemma 7.2.1 of the textbook. *}
private fun mk_poly_sub where
"mk_poly_sub A l 0 = A"
| "mk_poly_sub A l (Suc j) = mat_addcol (monom 1 (Suc j)) l (l-Suc j) (mk_poly_sub A l j)"
definition "mk_poly A = mk_poly_sub (map_mat coeff_lift A) (dim_col A - 1) (dim_col A - 1)"
private lemma mk_poly_sub_dim[simp]:
"dim_row (mk_poly_sub A l j) = dim_row A"
"dim_col (mk_poly_sub A l j) = dim_col A"
by (induct j,auto)
private lemma mk_poly_sub_carrier:
assumes "A ∈ carrier_mat nr nc" shows "mk_poly_sub A l j ∈ carrier_mat nr nc"
apply (rule carrier_matI) using assms by auto
private lemma mk_poly_dim[simp]:
"dim_col (mk_poly A) = dim_col A"
"dim_row (mk_poly A) = dim_row A"
unfolding mk_poly_def by auto
private lemma mk_poly_sub_others[simp]:
assumes "l ≠ j'" and "i < dim_row A" and "j' < dim_col A"
shows "mk_poly_sub A l j $$ (i,j') = A $$ (i,j')"
using assms by (induct j; simp)
private lemma mk_poly_others[simp]:
assumes i: "i < dim_row A" and j: "j < dim_col A - 1"
shows "mk_poly A $$ (i,j) = [: A $$ (i,j) :]"
unfolding mk_poly_def
apply(subst mk_poly_sub_others)
using i j by auto
private lemma mk_poly_delete[simp]:
assumes i: "i < dim_row A"
shows "mat_delete (mk_poly A) i (dim_col A - 1) = map_mat coeff_lift (mat_delete A i (dim_col A - 1))"
apply(rule eq_matI) unfolding mat_delete_def by auto
private lemma col_mk_poly_sub[simp]:
assumes "l ≠ j'" and "j' < dim_col A"
shows "col (mk_poly_sub A l j) j' = col A j'"
by(rule eq_vecI; insert assms; simp)
private lemma det_mk_poly_sub:
assumes A: "(A :: 'a :: comm_ring_1 poly mat) ∈ carrier_mat n n" and i: "i < n"
shows "det (mk_poly_sub A (n-1) i) = det A"
using i
proof (induct i)
case (Suc i)
show ?case unfolding mk_poly_sub.simps
apply(subst det_addcol[of _ n])
using Suc apply simp
using Suc apply simp
apply (rule mk_poly_sub_carrier[OF A])
using Suc by auto
qed simp
private lemma det_mk_poly:
fixes A :: "'a :: comm_ring_1 mat"
shows "det (mk_poly A) = [: det A :]"
proof (cases "dim_row A = dim_col A")
case True
define n where "n = dim_col A"
have "map_mat coeff_lift A ∈ carrier_mat (dim_row A) (dim_col A)" by simp
hence sq: "map_mat coeff_lift A ∈ carrier_mat (dim_col A) (dim_col A)" unfolding True.
show ?thesis
proof(cases "dim_col A = 0")
case True thus ?thesis unfolding det_def by simp
next case False thus ?thesis
unfolding mk_poly_def
by (subst det_mk_poly_sub[OF sq]; simp)
qed
next case False
hence f2: "dim_row A = dim_col A ⟷ False" by simp
hence f3: "dim_row (mk_poly A) = dim_col (mk_poly A) ⟷ False"
unfolding mk_poly_dim by auto
show ?thesis unfolding det_def unfolding f2 f3 if_False by simp
qed
private fun mk_poly2_row where
"mk_poly2_row A d j pv 0 = pv"
| "mk_poly2_row A d j pv (Suc n) =
mk_poly2_row A d j pv n |⇩v n ↦ pv $ n + monom (A$$(n,j)) d"
private fun mk_poly2_col where
"mk_poly2_col A pv 0 = pv"
| "mk_poly2_col A pv (Suc m) =
mk_poly2_row A m (dim_col A - Suc m) (mk_poly2_col A pv m) (dim_row A)"
private definition "mk_poly2 A ≡ mk_poly2_col A (0⇩v (dim_row A)) (dim_col A)"
private lemma mk_poly2_row_dim[simp]: "dim_vec (mk_poly2_row A d j pv i) = dim_vec pv"
by(induct i arbitrary: pv, auto)
private lemma mk_poly2_col_dim[simp]: "dim_vec (mk_poly2_col A pv j) = dim_vec pv"
by (induct j arbitrary: pv, auto)
private lemma mk_poly2_row:
assumes n: "n ≤ dim_vec pv"
shows "mk_poly2_row A d j pv n $ i =
(if i < n then pv $ i + monom (A $$ (i,j)) d else pv $ i)"
using n
proof (induct n arbitrary: pv)
case (Suc n) thus ?case
unfolding mk_poly2_row.simps by (cases rule: linorder_cases[of "i" "n"],auto)
qed simp
private lemma mk_poly2_row_col:
assumes dim[simp]: "dim_vec pv = n" "dim_row A = n" and j: "j < dim_col A"
shows "mk_poly2_row A d j pv n = pv + map_vec (λa. monom a d) (col A j)"
apply rule using mk_poly2_row[of _ pv] j by auto
private lemma mk_poly2_col:
fixes pv :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly vec" and A :: "'a mat"
assumes i: "i < dim_row A" and dim: "dim_row A = dim_vec pv"
shows "mk_poly2_col A pv j $ i = pv $ i + (∑j'<j. monom (A $$ (i, dim_col A - Suc j')) j')"
using dim
proof (induct j arbitrary: pv)
case (Suc j) show ?case
unfolding mk_poly2_col.simps
apply (subst mk_poly2_row)
using Suc apply simp
unfolding Suc(1)[OF Suc(2)]
using i by (simp add: add.assoc)
qed simp
private lemma mk_poly2_pre:
fixes A :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 mat"
assumes i: "i < dim_row A"
shows "mk_poly2 A $ i = (∑j'<dim_col A. monom (A $$ (i, dim_col A - Suc j')) j')"
unfolding mk_poly2_def
apply(subst mk_poly2_col) using i by auto
private lemma mk_poly2:
fixes A :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 mat"
assumes i: "i < dim_row A"
and c: "dim_col A > 0"
shows "mk_poly2 A $ i = (∑j'<dim_col A. monom (A $$ (i,j')) (dim_col A - Suc j'))"
(is "?l = sum ?f ?S")
proof -
define l where "l = dim_col A - 1"
have dim: "dim_col A = Suc l" unfolding l_def using i c by auto
let ?g = "λj. l - j"
have "?l = sum (?f ∘ ?g) ?S" unfolding l_def mk_poly2_pre[OF i] by auto
also have "... = sum ?f ?S"
unfolding dim
unfolding lessThan_Suc_atMost
using sum.reindex[OF inj_on_diff_nat2,symmetric,unfolded image_diff_atMost].
finally show ?thesis.
qed
private lemma mk_poly2_sylvester_upper:
fixes p q :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly"
assumes i: "i < degree q"
shows "mk_poly2 (sylvester_mat p q) $ i = monom 1 (degree q - Suc i) * p"
apply (subst mk_poly2)
using i apply simp using i apply simp
apply (subst sylvester_sum_mat_upper[OF i,symmetric])
apply (rule sum.cong)
unfolding sylvester_mat_dim lessThan_Suc_atMost apply simp
by auto
private lemma mk_poly2_sylvester_lower:
fixes p q :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 poly"
assumes mi: "i ≥ degree q" and imn: "i < degree p + degree q"
shows "mk_poly2 (sylvester_mat p q) $ i = monom 1 (degree p + degree q - Suc i) * q"
apply (subst mk_poly2)
using imn apply simp using mi imn apply simp
unfolding sylvester_mat_dim
using sylvester_sum_mat_lower[OF mi imn]
apply (subst sylvester_sum_mat_lower) using mi imn by auto
private lemma foo:
fixes v :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 vec"
shows "monom 1 d ⋅⇩v map_vec coeff_lift v = map_vec (λa. monom a d) v"
apply (rule eq_vecI)
unfolding index_map_vec index_col
by (auto simp add: Polynomial.smult_monom)
private lemma mk_poly_sub_corresp:
assumes dimA[simp]: "dim_col A = Suc l" and dimpv[simp]: "dim_vec pv = dim_row A"
and j: "j < dim_col A"
shows "pv + col (mk_poly_sub (map_mat coeff_lift A) l j) l =
mk_poly2_col A pv (Suc j)"
proof(insert j, induct j)
have le: "dim_row A ≤ dim_vec pv" using dimpv by simp
have l: "l < dim_col A" using dimA by simp
{ case 0 show ?case
apply (rule eq_vecI)
using mk_poly2_row[OF le]
by (auto simp add: monom_0)
}
{ case (Suc j)
hence j: "j < dim_col A" by simp
show ?case
unfolding mk_poly_sub.simps
apply(subst col_addcol)
apply simp
apply simp
apply(subst(2) comm_add_vec)
apply(rule carrier_vecI, simp)
apply(rule carrier_vecI, simp)
apply(subst assoc_add_vec[symmetric])
apply(rule carrier_vecI, rule refl)
apply(rule carrier_vecI, simp)
apply(rule carrier_vecI, simp)
unfolding Suc(1)[OF j]
apply(subst(2) mk_poly2_col.simps)
apply(subst mk_poly2_row_col)
apply simp
apply simp
using Suc apply simp
apply(subst col_mk_poly_sub)
using Suc apply simp
using Suc apply simp
apply(subst col_map_mat)
using dimA apply simp
unfolding foo dimA by simp
}
qed
private lemma col_mk_poly_mk_poly2:
fixes A :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 mat"
assumes dim: "dim_col A > 0"
shows "col (mk_poly A) (dim_col A - 1) = mk_poly2 A"
proof -
define l where "l = dim_col A - 1"
have dim: "dim_col A = Suc l" unfolding l_def using dim by auto
show ?thesis
unfolding mk_poly_def mk_poly2_def dim
apply(subst mk_poly_sub_corresp[symmetric])
apply(rule dim)
apply simp
using dim apply simp
apply(subst left_zero_vec)
apply(rule carrier_vecI) using dim apply simp
apply simp
done
qed
private lemma mk_poly_mk_poly2:
fixes A :: "'a :: comm_semiring_1 mat"
assumes dim: "dim_col A > 0" and i: "i < dim_row A"
shows "mk_poly A $$ (i,dim_col A - 1) = mk_poly2 A $ i"
proof -
have "mk_poly A $$ (i,dim_col A - 1) = col (mk_poly A) (dim_col A - 1) $ i"
apply (subst index_col(1)) using dim i by auto
also note col_mk_poly_mk_poly2[OF dim]
finally show ?thesis.
qed
lemma mk_poly_sylvester_upper:
fixes p q :: "'a :: comm_ring_1 poly"
defines "m ≡ degree p" and "n ≡ degree q"
assumes i: "i < n"
shows "mk_poly (sylvester_mat p q) $$ (i, m + n - 1) = monom 1 (n - Suc i) * p" (is "?l = ?r")
proof -
let ?S = "sylvester_mat p q"
have c: "m+n = dim_col ?S" and r: "m+n = dim_row ?S" unfolding m_def n_def by auto
hence "dim_col ?S > 0" "i < dim_row ?S" using i by auto
from mk_poly_mk_poly2[OF this]
have "?l = mk_poly2 (sylvester_mat p q) $ i" unfolding m_def n_def by auto
also have "... = ?r"
apply(subst mk_poly2_sylvester_upper)
using i unfolding n_def m_def by auto
finally show ?thesis.
qed
lemma mk_poly_sylvester_lower:
fixes p q :: "'a :: comm_ring_1 poly"
defines "m ≡ degree p" and "n ≡ degree q"
assumes ni: "n ≤ i" and imn: "i < m+n"
shows "mk_poly (sylvester_mat p q) $$ (i, m + n - 1) = monom 1 (m + n - Suc i) * q" (is "?l = ?r")
proof -
let ?S = "sylvester_mat p q"
have c: "m+n = dim_col ?S" and r: "m+n = dim_row ?S" unfolding m_def n_def by auto
hence "dim_col ?S > 0" "i < dim_row ?S" using imn by auto
from mk_poly_mk_poly2[OF this]
have "?l = mk_poly2 (sylvester_mat p q) $ i" unfolding m_def n_def by auto
also have "... = ?r"
apply(subst mk_poly2_sylvester_lower)
using ni imn unfolding n_def m_def by auto
finally show ?thesis.
qed
text {* The next lemma corresponds to Lemma 7.2.1. *}
lemma resultant_as_poly:
fixes p q :: "'a :: comm_ring_1 poly"
assumes degp: "degree p > 0" and degq: "degree q > 0"
shows "∃p' q'. degree p' < degree q ∧ degree q' < degree p ∧
[: resultant p q :] = p' * p + q' * q"
proof (intro exI conjI)
define m where "m = degree p"
define n where "n = degree q"
define d where "d = dim_row (mk_poly (sylvester_mat p q))"
define c where "c = (λi. coeff_lift (cofactor (sylvester_mat p q) i (m+n-1)))"
define p' where "p' = (∑i<n. monom 1 (n - Suc i) * c i)"
define q' where "q' = (∑i<m. monom 1 (m - Suc i) * c (n+i))"
have degc: "⋀i. degree (c i) = 0" unfolding c_def by auto
have dmn: "d = m+n" and mnd: "m + n = d" unfolding d_def m_def n_def by auto
have "[: resultant p q :] =
(∑i<d. mk_poly (sylvester_mat p q) $$ (i,m+n-1) *
cofactor (mk_poly (sylvester_mat p q)) i (m+n-1))"
unfolding resultant_def
unfolding det_mk_poly[symmetric]
unfolding m_def n_def d_def
apply(rule laplace_expansion_column[of _ _ "degree p + degree q - 1"])
apply(rule carrier_matI) using degp by auto
also { fix i assume i: "i<d"
have d2: "d = dim_row (sylvester_mat p q)" unfolding d_def by auto
have "cofactor (mk_poly (sylvester_mat p q)) i (m+n-1) =
(- 1) ^ (i + (m+n-1)) * det (mat_delete (mk_poly (sylvester_mat p q)) i (m+n-1))"
using cofactor_def.
also have "... =
(- 1) ^ (i+m+n-1) * coeff_lift (det (mat_delete (sylvester_mat p q) i (m+n-1)))"
using mk_poly_delete[OF i[unfolded d2]] degp degq
unfolding m_def n_def by (auto simp add: add.assoc)
also have "i+m+n-1 = i+(m+n-1)" using i[folded mnd] by auto
finally have "cofactor (mk_poly (sylvester_mat p q)) i (m+n-1) = c i"
unfolding c_def cofactor_def hom_distribs by simp
}
hence "... = (∑i<d. mk_poly (sylvester_mat p q) $$ (i, m+n-1) * c i)"
(is "_ = sum ?f _") by auto
also have "... = sum ?f ({..<n} ∪ {n ..<d})" unfolding dmn apply(subst ivl_disj_un(8)) by auto
also have "... = sum ?f {..<n} + sum ?f {n..<d}" apply(subst sum.union_disjoint) by auto
also { fix i assume i: "i < n"
have "?f i = monom 1 (n - Suc i) * c i * p"
unfolding m_def n_def
apply(subst mk_poly_sylvester_upper)
using i unfolding n_def by auto
}
hence "sum ?f {..<n} = p' * p" unfolding p'_def sum_distrib_right by auto
also { fix i assume i: "i ∈ {n..<d}"
have "?f i = monom 1 (m + n - Suc i) * c i * q"
unfolding m_def n_def
apply(subst mk_poly_sylvester_lower)
using i unfolding dmn n_def m_def by auto
}
hence "sum ?f {n..<d} = (∑i=n..<d. monom 1 (m + n - Suc i) * c i) * q"
(is "_ = sum ?h _ * _") unfolding sum_distrib_right by auto
also have "{n..<d} = (λi. i+n) ` {0..<m}"
by (simp add: dmn)
also have "sum ?h ... = sum (?h ∘ (λi. i+n)) {0..<m}"
apply(subst sum.reindex[symmetric])
apply (rule inj_onI) by auto
also have "... = q'" unfolding q'_def apply(rule sum.cong) by (auto simp add: add.commute)
finally show main: "[:resultant p q:] = p' * p + q' * q".
show "degree p' < n"
unfolding p'_def
apply(rule degree_sum_smaller)
using degq[folded n_def] apply force+
proof -
fix i assume i: "i ∈ {..<n}"
show "degree (monom 1 (n - Suc i) * c i) < n"
apply (rule order.strict_trans1)
apply (rule degree_mult_le)
unfolding add.right_neutral degc
apply (rule order.strict_trans1)
apply (rule degree_monom_le) using i by auto
qed
show "degree q' < m"
unfolding q'_def
apply (rule degree_sum_smaller)
using degp[folded m_def] apply force+
proof -
fix i assume i: "i ∈ {..<m}"
show "degree (monom 1 (m-Suc i) * c (n+i)) < m"
apply (rule order.strict_trans1)
apply (rule degree_mult_le)
unfolding add.right_neutral degc
apply (rule order.strict_trans1)
apply (rule degree_monom_le) using i by auto
qed
qed
end
subsubsection ‹Resultant as Nonzero Polynomial Expression›
lemma resultant_zero:
fixes p q :: "'a :: comm_ring_1 poly"
assumes deg: "degree p > 0 ∨ degree q > 0"
and xp: "poly p x = 0" and xq: "poly q x = 0"
shows "resultant p q = 0"
proof -
{ assume degp: "degree p > 0" and degq: "degree q > 0"
obtain p' q' where "[: resultant p q :] = p' * p + q' * q"
using resultant_as_poly[OF degp degq] by force
hence "resultant p q = poly (p' * p + q' * q) x"
using mpoly_base_conv(2)[of "resultant p q"] by auto
also have "... = poly p x * poly p' x + poly q x * poly q' x"
unfolding poly2_def by simp
finally have ?thesis using xp xq by simp
} moreover
{ assume degp: "degree p = 0"
have p: "p = [:0:]" using xp degree_0_id[OF degp,symmetric] by (metis mpoly_base_conv(2))
have ?thesis unfolding p using degp deg by simp
} moreover
{ assume degq: "degree q = 0"
have q: "q = [:0:]" using xq degree_0_id[OF degq,symmetric] by (metis mpoly_base_conv(2))
have ?thesis unfolding q using degq deg by simp
}
ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma poly_resultant_zero:
fixes p q :: "'a :: comm_ring_1 poly poly"
assumes deg: "degree p > 0 ∨ degree q > 0"
assumes p0: "poly2 p x y = 0" and q0: "poly2 q x y = 0"
shows "poly (resultant p q) x = 0"
proof -
{ assume "degree p > 0" "degree q > 0"
from resultant_as_poly[OF this]
obtain p' q' where "[: resultant p q :] = p' * p + q' * q" by force
hence "resultant p q = poly (p' * p + q' * q) [:y:]"
using mpoly_base_conv(2)[of "resultant p q"] by auto
also have "poly ... x = poly2 p x y * poly2 p' x y + poly2 q x y * poly2 q' x y"
unfolding poly2_def by simp
finally have ?thesis unfolding p0 q0 by simp
} moreover {
assume degp: "degree p = 0"
hence p: "p = [: coeff p 0 :]" by(subst degree_0_id[OF degp,symmetric],simp)
hence "resultant p q = coeff p 0 ^ degree q" using resultant_const(1) by metis
also have "poly ... x = poly (coeff p 0) x ^ degree q" by auto
also have "... = poly2 p x y ^ degree q" unfolding poly2_def by(subst p, auto)
finally have ?thesis unfolding p0 using deg degp zero_power by auto
} moreover {
assume degq: "degree q = 0"
hence q: "q = [: coeff q 0 :]" by(subst degree_0_id[OF degq,symmetric],simp)
hence "resultant p q = coeff q 0 ^ degree p" using resultant_const(2) by metis
also have "poly ... x = poly (coeff q 0) x ^ degree p" by auto
also have "... = poly2 q x y ^ degree p" unfolding poly2_def by(subst q, auto)
finally have ?thesis unfolding q0 using deg degq zero_power by auto
}
ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma resultant_as_nonzero_poly_weak:
fixes p q :: "'a :: idom poly"
assumes degp: "degree p > 0" and degq: "degree q > 0"
and r0: "resultant p q ≠ 0"
shows "∃p' q'. degree p' < degree q ∧ degree q' < degree p ∧
[: resultant p q :] = p' * p + q' * q ∧ p' ≠ 0 ∧ q' ≠ 0"
proof -
obtain p' q'
where deg: "degree p' < degree q" "degree q' < degree p"
and main: "[: resultant p q :] = p' * p + q' * q"
using resultant_as_poly[OF degp degq] by auto
have p0: "p ≠ 0" using degp by auto
have q0: "q ≠ 0" using degq by auto
show ?thesis
proof (intro exI conjI notI)
assume "p' = 0"
hence "[: resultant p q :] = q' * q" using main by auto
also hence d0: "0 = degree (q' * q)" by (metis degree_pCons_0)
{ assume "q' ≠ 0"
hence "degree (q' * q) = degree q' + degree q"
apply(rule degree_mult_eq) using q0 by auto
hence False using d0 degq by auto
} hence "q' = 0" by auto
finally show False using r0 by auto
next
assume "q' = 0"
hence "[: resultant p q :] = p' * p" using main by auto
also
hence d0: "0 = degree (p' * p)" by (metis degree_pCons_0)
{ assume "p' ≠ 0"
hence "degree (p' * p) = degree p' + degree p"
apply(rule degree_mult_eq) using p0 by auto
hence False using d0 degp by auto
} hence "p' = 0" by auto
finally show False using r0 by auto
qed fact+
qed
text ‹ Next lemma corresponds to Lemma 7.2.2 of the textbook ›
lemma resultant_as_nonzero_poly:
fixes p q :: "'a :: idom poly"
defines "m ≡ degree p" and "n ≡ degree q"
assumes degp: "m > 0" and degq: "n > 0"
shows "∃p' q'. degree p' < n ∧ degree q' < m ∧
[: resultant p q :] = p' * p + q' * q ∧ p' ≠ 0 ∧ q' ≠ 0"
proof (cases "resultant p q = 0")
case False
thus ?thesis
using resultant_as_nonzero_poly_weak degp degq
unfolding m_def n_def by auto
next case True
define S where "S = transpose_mat (sylvester_mat p q)"
have S: "S ∈ carrier_mat (m+n) (m+n)" unfolding S_def m_def n_def by auto
have "det S = 0" using True
unfolding resultant_def S_def apply (subst det_transpose) by auto
then obtain v
where v: "v ∈ carrier_vec (m+n)" and v0: "v ≠ 0⇩v (m+n)" and "S *⇩v v = 0⇩v (m+n)"
using det_0_iff_vec_prod_zero[OF S] by auto
hence "poly_of_vec (S *⇩v v) = 0" by auto
hence main: "poly_of_vec (vec_first v n) * p + poly_of_vec (vec_last v m) * q = 0"
(is "?p * _ + ?q * _ = _")
using sylvester_vec_poly[OF v[unfolded m_def n_def], folded m_def n_def S_def]
by auto
have split: "vec_first v n @⇩v vec_last v m = v"
using vec_first_last_append[simplified add.commute] v by auto
show ?thesis
proof(intro exI conjI)
show "[: resultant p q :] = ?p * p + ?q * q" unfolding True using main by auto
show "?p ≠ 0"
proof
assume p'0: "?p = 0"
hence "?q * q = 0" using main by auto
hence "?q = 0" using degq n_def by auto
hence "vec_last v m = 0⇩v m" unfolding poly_of_vec_0_iff by auto
also have "vec_first v n @⇩v ... = 0⇩v (m+n)" using p'0 unfolding poly_of_vec_0_iff by auto
finally have "v = 0⇩v (m+n)" using split by auto
thus False using v0 by auto
qed
show "?q ≠ 0"
proof
assume q'0: "?q = 0"
hence "?p * p = 0" using main by auto
hence "?p = 0" using degp m_def by auto
hence "vec_first v n = 0⇩v n" unfolding poly_of_vec_0_iff by auto
also have "... @⇩v vec_last v m = 0⇩v (m+n)" using q'0 unfolding poly_of_vec_0_iff by auto
finally have "v = 0⇩v (m+n)" using split by auto
thus False using v0 by auto
qed
show "degree ?p < n" using degree_poly_of_vec_less[of "vec_first v n"] using degq by auto
show "degree ?q < m" using degree_poly_of_vec_less[of "vec_last v m"] using degp by auto
qed
qed
text‹Corresponds to Lemma 7.2.3 of the textbook›
lemma resultant_zero_imp_common_factor:
fixes p q :: "'a :: ufd poly"
assumes deg: "degree p > 0 ∨ degree q > 0" and r0: "resultant p q = 0"
shows "¬ coprime p q"
unfolding neq0_conv[symmetric]
proof -
{ assume degp: "degree p > 0" and degq: "degree q > 0"
assume cop: "coprime p q"
obtain p' q' where "p' * p + q' * q = 0"
and p': "degree p' < degree q" and q': "degree q' < degree p"
and p'0: "p' ≠ 0" and q'0: "q' ≠ 0"
using resultant_as_nonzero_poly[OF degp degq] r0 by auto
hence "p' * p = - q' * q" by (simp add: eq_neg_iff_add_eq_0)
from some_gcd.coprime_mult_cross_dvd[OF cop this]
have "p dvd q'" by auto
from dvd_imp_degree_le[OF this q'0]
have "degree p ≤ degree q'" by auto
hence False using q' by auto
}
moreover
{ assume degp: "degree p = 0"
then obtain x where "p = [:x:]" by (elim degree_eq_zeroE)
moreover hence "resultant p q = x ^ degree q" using resultant_const by auto
hence "x = 0" using r0 by auto
ultimately have "p = 0" by auto
hence ?thesis unfolding not_coprime_iff_common_factor
by (metis deg degp dvd_0_right dvd_refl less_numeral_extra(3) poly_dvd_1)
}
moreover
{ assume degq: "degree q = 0"
then obtain x where "q = [:x:]" by (elim degree_eq_zeroE)
moreover hence "resultant p q = x ^ degree p" using resultant_const by auto
hence "x = 0" using r0 by auto
ultimately have "q = 0" by auto
hence ?thesis unfolding not_coprime_iff_common_factor
by (metis deg degq dvd_0_right dvd_refl less_numeral_extra(3) poly_dvd_1)
}
ultimately show ?thesis by auto
qed
lemma resultant_non_zero_imp_coprime:
assumes nz: "resultant (f :: 'a :: field poly) g ≠ 0"
and nz': "f ≠ 0 ∨ g ≠ 0"
shows "coprime f g"
proof (cases "degree f = 0 ∨ degree g = 0")
case False
define r where "r = [:resultant f g:]"
from nz have r: "r ≠ 0" unfolding r_def by auto
from False have "degree f > 0" "degree g > 0" by auto
from resultant_as_nonzero_poly_weak[OF this nz]
obtain p q where "degree p < degree g" "degree q < degree f"
and id: "r = p * f + q * g"
and "p ≠ 0" "q ≠ 0" unfolding r_def by auto
define h where "h = some_gcd f g"
have "h dvd f" "h dvd g" unfolding h_def by auto
then obtain j k where f: "f = h * j" and g: "g = h * k" unfolding dvd_def by auto
from id[unfolded f g] have id: "h * (p * j + q * k) = r" by (auto simp: field_simps)
from arg_cong[OF id, of degree] have "degree (h * (p * j + q * k)) = 0"
unfolding r_def by auto
also have "degree (h * (p * j + q * k)) = degree h + degree (p * j + q * k)"
by (subst degree_mult_eq, insert id r, auto)
finally have h: "degree h = 0" "h ≠ 0" using r id by auto
thus ?thesis unfolding h_def using is_unit_iff_degree some_gcd.gcd_dvd_1 by blast
next
case True
{
fix f g :: "'a poly"
assume deg_g: "degree g = 0" and res: "resultant f g ≠ 0" and nz: "f ≠ 0 ∨ g ≠ 0"
have "coprime f g"
proof (cases "g = 0")
case False
then show ?thesis using divides_degree[of _ g, unfolded deg_g]
by (simp add: is_unit_right_imp_coprime)
next
case g: True
then have "g = [:0:]" by auto
from res[unfolded this resultant_const] have "degree f = 0" by auto
with nz show ?thesis unfolding g by auto
qed
} note main = this
from True
show ?thesis
proof
assume f: "degree f = 0"
from nz[unfolded resultant_swap[of f g]] have "resultant g f ≠ 0" by (auto split: if_splits)
from main[OF f this] nz' show ?thesis by (auto simp: ac_simps)
next
assume "degree g = 0"
from main[OF this nz nz'] show ?thesis .
qed
qed
end