theory Coset
imports Group
begin
section ‹Cosets and Quotient Groups›
definition
r_coset :: "[_, 'a set, 'a] ⇒ 'a set" (infixl "#>ı" 60)
where "H #>⇘G⇙ a = (⋃h∈H. {h ⊗⇘G⇙ a})"
definition
l_coset :: "[_, 'a, 'a set] ⇒ 'a set" (infixl "<#ı" 60)
where "a <#⇘G⇙ H = (⋃h∈H. {a ⊗⇘G⇙ h})"
definition
RCOSETS :: "[_, 'a set] ⇒ ('a set)set" ("rcosetsı _" [81] 80)
where "rcosets⇘G⇙ H = (⋃a∈carrier G. {H #>⇘G⇙ a})"
definition
set_mult :: "[_, 'a set ,'a set] ⇒ 'a set" (infixl "<#>ı" 60)
where "H <#>⇘G⇙ K = (⋃h∈H. ⋃k∈K. {h ⊗⇘G⇙ k})"
definition
SET_INV :: "[_,'a set] ⇒ 'a set" ("set'_invı _" [81] 80)
where "set_inv⇘G⇙ H = (⋃h∈H. {inv⇘G⇙ h})"
locale normal = subgroup + group +
assumes coset_eq: "(∀x ∈ carrier G. H #> x = x <# H)"
abbreviation
normal_rel :: "['a set, ('a, 'b) monoid_scheme] ⇒ bool" (infixl "⊲" 60) where
"H ⊲ G ≡ normal H G"
lemma l_coset_eq_set_mult:
fixes G (structure)
shows "x <# H = {x} <#> H"
unfolding l_coset_def set_mult_def by simp
lemma r_coset_eq_set_mult:
fixes G (structure)
shows "H #> x = H <#> {x}"
unfolding r_coset_def set_mult_def by simp
lemma (in subgroup) rcosets_non_empty:
assumes "R ∈ rcosets H"
shows "R ≠ {}"
proof -
obtain g where "g ∈ carrier G" "R = H #> g"
using assms unfolding RCOSETS_def by blast
hence "𝟭 ⊗ g ∈ R"
using one_closed unfolding r_coset_def by blast
thus ?thesis by blast
qed
lemma (in group) diff_neutralizes:
assumes "subgroup H G" "R ∈ rcosets H"
shows "⋀r1 r2. ⟦ r1 ∈ R; r2 ∈ R ⟧ ⟹ r1 ⊗ (inv r2) ∈ H"
proof -
fix r1 r2 assume r1: "r1 ∈ R" and r2: "r2 ∈ R"
obtain g where g: "g ∈ carrier G" "R = H #> g"
using assms unfolding RCOSETS_def by blast
then obtain h1 h2 where h1: "h1 ∈ H" "r1 = h1 ⊗ g"
and h2: "h2 ∈ H" "r2 = h2 ⊗ g"
using r1 r2 unfolding r_coset_def by blast
hence "r1 ⊗ (inv r2) = (h1 ⊗ g) ⊗ ((inv g) ⊗ (inv h2))"
using inv_mult_group is_group assms(1) g(1) subgroup.mem_carrier by fastforce
also have " ... = (h1 ⊗ (g ⊗ inv g) ⊗ inv h2)"
using h1 h2 assms(1) g(1) inv_closed m_closed monoid.m_assoc
monoid_axioms subgroup.mem_carrier
proof -
have "h1 ∈ carrier G"
by (meson subgroup.mem_carrier assms(1) h1(1))
moreover have "h2 ∈ carrier G"
by (meson subgroup.mem_carrier assms(1) h2(1))
ultimately show ?thesis
using g(1) inv_closed m_assoc m_closed by presburger
qed
finally have "r1 ⊗ inv r2 = h1 ⊗ inv h2"
using assms(1) g(1) h1(1) subgroup.mem_carrier by fastforce
thus "r1 ⊗ inv r2 ∈ H" by (metis assms(1) h1(1) h2(1) subgroup_def)
qed
lemma mono_set_mult: "⟦ H ⊆ H'; K ⊆ K' ⟧ ⟹ H <#>⇘G⇙ K ⊆ H' <#>⇘G⇙ K'"
unfolding set_mult_def by (simp add: UN_mono)
subsection ‹Stable Operations for Subgroups›
lemma set_mult_consistent [simp]:
"N <#>⇘(G ⦇ carrier := H ⦈)⇙ K = N <#>⇘G⇙ K"
unfolding set_mult_def by simp
lemma r_coset_consistent [simp]:
"I #>⇘G ⦇ carrier := H ⦈⇙ h = I #>⇘G⇙ h"
unfolding r_coset_def by simp
lemma l_coset_consistent [simp]:
"h <#⇘G ⦇ carrier := H ⦈⇙ I = h <#⇘G⇙ I"
unfolding l_coset_def by simp
subsection ‹Basic Properties of set multiplication›
lemma (in group) setmult_subset_G:
assumes "H ⊆ carrier G" "K ⊆ carrier G"
shows "H <#> K ⊆ carrier G" using assms
by (auto simp add: set_mult_def subsetD)
lemma (in monoid) set_mult_closed:
assumes "H ⊆ carrier G" "K ⊆ carrier G"
shows "H <#> K ⊆ carrier G"
using assms by (auto simp add: set_mult_def subsetD)
lemma (in group) set_mult_assoc:
assumes "M ⊆ carrier G" "H ⊆ carrier G" "K ⊆ carrier G"
shows "(M <#> H) <#> K = M <#> (H <#> K)"
proof
show "(M <#> H) <#> K ⊆ M <#> (H <#> K)"
proof
fix x assume "x ∈ (M <#> H) <#> K"
then obtain m h k where x: "m ∈ M" "h ∈ H" "k ∈ K" "x = (m ⊗ h) ⊗ k"
unfolding set_mult_def by blast
hence "x = m ⊗ (h ⊗ k)"
using assms m_assoc by blast
thus "x ∈ M <#> (H <#> K)"
unfolding set_mult_def using x by blast
qed
next
show "M <#> (H <#> K) ⊆ (M <#> H) <#> K"
proof
fix x assume "x ∈ M <#> (H <#> K)"
then obtain m h k where x: "m ∈ M" "h ∈ H" "k ∈ K" "x = m ⊗ (h ⊗ k)"
unfolding set_mult_def by blast
hence "x = (m ⊗ h) ⊗ k"
using assms m_assoc rev_subsetD by metis
thus "x ∈ (M <#> H) <#> K"
unfolding set_mult_def using x by blast
qed
qed
subsection ‹Basic Properties of Cosets›
lemma (in group) coset_mult_assoc:
assumes "M ⊆ carrier G" "g ∈ carrier G" "h ∈ carrier G"
shows "(M #> g) #> h = M #> (g ⊗ h)"
using assms by (force simp add: r_coset_def m_assoc)
lemma (in group) coset_assoc:
assumes "x ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" "H ⊆ carrier G"
shows "x <# (H #> y) = (x <# H) #> y"
using set_mult_assoc[of "{x}" H "{y}"]
by (simp add: l_coset_eq_set_mult r_coset_eq_set_mult assms)
lemma (in group) coset_mult_one [simp]: "M ⊆ carrier G ==> M #> 𝟭 = M"
by (force simp add: r_coset_def)
lemma (in group) coset_mult_inv1:
assumes "M #> (x ⊗ (inv y)) = M"
and "x ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" "M ⊆ carrier G"
shows "M #> x = M #> y" using assms
by (metis coset_mult_assoc group.inv_solve_right is_group subgroup_def subgroup_self)
lemma (in group) coset_mult_inv2:
assumes "M #> x = M #> y"
and "x ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" "M ⊆ carrier G"
shows "M #> (x ⊗ (inv y)) = M " using assms
by (metis group.coset_mult_assoc group.coset_mult_one inv_closed is_group r_inv)
lemma (in group) coset_join1:
assumes "H #> x = H"
and "x ∈ carrier G" "subgroup H G"
shows "x ∈ H"
using assms r_coset_def l_one subgroup.one_closed sym by fastforce
lemma (in group) solve_equation:
assumes "subgroup H G" "x ∈ H" "y ∈ H"
shows "∃h ∈ H. y = h ⊗ x"
proof -
have "y = (y ⊗ (inv x)) ⊗ x" using assms
by (simp add: m_assoc subgroup.mem_carrier)
moreover have "y ⊗ (inv x) ∈ H" using assms
by (simp add: subgroup_def)
ultimately show ?thesis by blast
qed
lemma (in group) repr_independence:
assumes "y ∈ H #> x" "x ∈ carrier G" "subgroup H G"
shows "H #> x = H #> y" using assms
by (auto simp add: r_coset_def m_assoc [symmetric]
subgroup.subset [THEN subsetD]
subgroup.m_closed solve_equation)
lemma (in group) coset_join2:
assumes "x ∈ carrier G" "subgroup H G" "x ∈ H"
shows "H #> x = H" using assms
by (force simp add: subgroup.m_closed r_coset_def solve_equation)
lemma (in group) coset_join3:
assumes "x ∈ carrier G" "subgroup H G" "x ∈ H"
shows "x <# H = H"
proof
have "⋀h. h ∈ H ⟹ x ⊗ h ∈ H" using assms
by (simp add: subgroup.m_closed)
thus "x <# H ⊆ H" unfolding l_coset_def by blast
next
have "⋀h. h ∈ H ⟹ x ⊗ ((inv x) ⊗ h) = h"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) assms group.inv_closed group.inv_solve_left is_group
monoid.m_closed monoid_axioms subgroup.mem_carrier)
moreover have "⋀h. h ∈ H ⟹ (inv x) ⊗ h ∈ H"
by (simp add: assms subgroup.m_closed subgroup.m_inv_closed)
ultimately show "H ⊆ x <# H" unfolding l_coset_def by blast
qed
lemma (in monoid) r_coset_subset_G:
"⟦ H ⊆ carrier G; x ∈ carrier G ⟧ ⟹ H #> x ⊆ carrier G"
by (auto simp add: r_coset_def)
lemma (in group) rcosI:
"⟦ h ∈ H; H ⊆ carrier G; x ∈ carrier G ⟧ ⟹ h ⊗ x ∈ H #> x"
by (auto simp add: r_coset_def)
lemma (in group) rcosetsI:
"⟦H ⊆ carrier G; x ∈ carrier G⟧ ⟹ H #> x ∈ rcosets H"
by (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def)
lemma (in group) rcos_self:
"⟦ x ∈ carrier G; subgroup H G ⟧ ⟹ x ∈ H #> x"
by (metis l_one rcosI subgroup_def)
text (in group) ‹Opposite of @{thm [source] "repr_independence"}›
lemma (in group) repr_independenceD:
assumes "subgroup H G" "y ∈ carrier G"
and "H #> x = H #> y"
shows "y ∈ H #> x"
using assms by (simp add: rcos_self)
text ‹Elements of a right coset are in the carrier›
lemma (in subgroup) elemrcos_carrier:
assumes "group G" "a ∈ carrier G"
and "a' ∈ H #> a"
shows "a' ∈ carrier G"
by (meson assms group.is_monoid monoid.r_coset_subset_G subset subsetCE)
lemma (in subgroup) rcos_const:
assumes "group G" "h ∈ H"
shows "H #> h = H"
using group.coset_join2[OF assms(1), of h H]
by (simp add: assms(2) subgroup_axioms)
lemma (in subgroup) rcos_module_imp:
assumes "group G" "x ∈ carrier G"
and "x' ∈ H #> x"
shows "(x' ⊗ inv x) ∈ H"
proof -
obtain h where h: "h ∈ H" "x' = h ⊗ x"
using assms(3) unfolding r_coset_def by blast
hence "x' ⊗ inv x = h"
by (metis assms elemrcos_carrier group.inv_solve_right mem_carrier)
thus ?thesis using h by blast
qed
lemma (in subgroup) rcos_module_rev:
assumes "group G" "x ∈ carrier G" "x' ∈ carrier G"
and "(x' ⊗ inv x) ∈ H"
shows "x' ∈ H #> x"
proof -
obtain h where h: "h ∈ H" "x' ⊗ inv x = h"
using assms(4) unfolding r_coset_def by blast
hence "x' = h ⊗ x"
by (metis assms group.inv_solve_right mem_carrier)
thus ?thesis using h unfolding r_coset_def by blast
qed
text ‹Module property of right cosets›
lemma (in subgroup) rcos_module:
assumes "group G" "x ∈ carrier G" "x' ∈ carrier G"
shows "(x' ∈ H #> x) = (x' ⊗ inv x ∈ H)"
using rcos_module_rev rcos_module_imp assms by blast
text ‹Right cosets are subsets of the carrier.›
lemma (in subgroup) rcosets_carrier:
assumes "group G" "X ∈ rcosets H"
shows "X ⊆ carrier G"
using assms elemrcos_carrier singletonD
subset_eq unfolding RCOSETS_def by force
text ‹Multiplication of general subsets›
lemma (in comm_group) mult_subgroups:
assumes HG: "subgroup H G" and KG: "subgroup K G"
shows "subgroup (H <#> K) G"
proof (rule subgroup.intro)
show "H <#> K ⊆ carrier G"
by (simp add: setmult_subset_G assms subgroup.subset)
next
have "𝟭 ⊗ 𝟭 ∈ H <#> K"
unfolding set_mult_def using assms subgroup.one_closed by blast
thus "𝟭 ∈ H <#> K" by simp
next
show "⋀x. x ∈ H <#> K ⟹ inv x ∈ H <#> K"
proof -
fix x assume "x ∈ H <#> K"
then obtain h k where hk: "h ∈ H" "k ∈ K" "x = h ⊗ k"
unfolding set_mult_def by blast
hence "inv x = (inv k) ⊗ (inv h)"
by (meson inv_mult_group assms subgroup.mem_carrier)
hence "inv x = (inv h) ⊗ (inv k)"
by (metis hk inv_mult assms subgroup.mem_carrier)
thus "inv x ∈ H <#> K"
unfolding set_mult_def using hk assms
by (metis (no_types, lifting) UN_iff singletonI subgroup_def)
qed
next
show "⋀x y. x ∈ H <#> K ⟹ y ∈ H <#> K ⟹ x ⊗ y ∈ H <#> K"
proof -
fix x y assume "x ∈ H <#> K" "y ∈ H <#> K"
then obtain h1 k1 h2 k2 where h1k1: "h1 ∈ H" "k1 ∈ K" "x = h1 ⊗ k1"
and h2k2: "h2 ∈ H" "k2 ∈ K" "y = h2 ⊗ k2"
unfolding set_mult_def by blast
with KG HG have carr: "k1 ∈ carrier G" "h1 ∈ carrier G" "k2 ∈ carrier G" "h2 ∈ carrier G"
by (meson subgroup.mem_carrier)+
have "x ⊗ y = (h1 ⊗ k1) ⊗ (h2 ⊗ k2)"
using h1k1 h2k2 by simp
also have " ... = h1 ⊗ (k1 ⊗ h2) ⊗ k2"
by (simp add: carr comm_groupE(3) comm_group_axioms)
also have " ... = h1 ⊗ (h2 ⊗ k1) ⊗ k2"
by (simp add: carr m_comm)
finally have "x ⊗ y = (h1 ⊗ h2) ⊗ (k1 ⊗ k2)"
by (simp add: carr comm_groupE(3) comm_group_axioms)
thus "x ⊗ y ∈ H <#> K" unfolding set_mult_def
using subgroup.m_closed[OF assms(1) h1k1(1) h2k2(1)]
subgroup.m_closed[OF assms(2) h1k1(2) h2k2(2)] by blast
qed
qed
lemma (in subgroup) lcos_module_rev:
assumes "group G" "x ∈ carrier G" "x' ∈ carrier G"
and "(inv x ⊗ x') ∈ H"
shows "x' ∈ x <# H"
proof -
obtain h where h: "h ∈ H" "inv x ⊗ x' = h"
using assms(4) unfolding l_coset_def by blast
hence "x' = x ⊗ h"
by (metis assms group.inv_solve_left mem_carrier)
thus ?thesis using h unfolding l_coset_def by blast
qed
subsection ‹Normal subgroups›
lemma normal_imp_subgroup: "H ⊲ G ⟹ subgroup H G"
by (simp add: normal_def subgroup_def)
lemma (in group) normalI:
"subgroup H G ⟹ (∀x ∈ carrier G. H #> x = x <# H) ⟹ H ⊲ G"
by (simp add: normal_def normal_axioms_def is_group)
lemma (in normal) inv_op_closed1:
assumes "x ∈ carrier G" and "h ∈ H"
shows "(inv x) ⊗ h ⊗ x ∈ H"
proof -
have "h ⊗ x ∈ x <# H"
using assms coset_eq assms(1) unfolding r_coset_def by blast
then obtain h' where "h' ∈ H" "h ⊗ x = x ⊗ h'"
unfolding l_coset_def by blast
thus ?thesis by (metis assms inv_closed l_inv l_one m_assoc mem_carrier)
qed
lemma (in normal) inv_op_closed2:
assumes "x ∈ carrier G" and "h ∈ H"
shows "x ⊗ h ⊗ (inv x) ∈ H"
using assms inv_op_closed1 by (metis inv_closed inv_inv)
text‹Alternative characterization of normal subgroups›
lemma (in group) normal_inv_iff:
"(N ⊲ G) =
(subgroup N G ∧ (∀x ∈ carrier G. ∀h ∈ N. x ⊗ h ⊗ (inv x) ∈ N))"
(is "_ = ?rhs")
proof
assume N: "N ⊲ G"
show ?rhs
by (blast intro: N normal.inv_op_closed2 normal_imp_subgroup)
next
assume ?rhs
hence sg: "subgroup N G"
and closed: "⋀x. x∈carrier G ⟹ ∀h∈N. x ⊗ h ⊗ inv x ∈ N" by auto
hence sb: "N ⊆ carrier G" by (simp add: subgroup.subset)
show "N ⊲ G"
proof (intro normalI [OF sg], simp add: l_coset_def r_coset_def, clarify)
fix x
assume x: "x ∈ carrier G"
show "(⋃h∈N. {h ⊗ x}) = (⋃h∈N. {x ⊗ h})"
proof
show "(⋃h∈N. {h ⊗ x}) ⊆ (⋃h∈N. {x ⊗ h})"
proof clarify
fix n
assume n: "n ∈ N"
show "n ⊗ x ∈ (⋃h∈N. {x ⊗ h})"
proof
from closed [of "inv x"]
show "inv x ⊗ n ⊗ x ∈ N" by (simp add: x n)
show "n ⊗ x ∈ {x ⊗ (inv x ⊗ n ⊗ x)}"
by (simp add: x n m_assoc [symmetric] sb [THEN subsetD])
qed
qed
next
show "(⋃h∈N. {x ⊗ h}) ⊆ (⋃h∈N. {h ⊗ x})"
proof clarify
fix n
assume n: "n ∈ N"
show "x ⊗ n ∈ (⋃h∈N. {h ⊗ x})"
proof
show "x ⊗ n ⊗ inv x ∈ N" by (simp add: x n closed)
show "x ⊗ n ∈ {x ⊗ n ⊗ inv x ⊗ x}"
by (simp add: x n m_assoc sb [THEN subsetD])
qed
qed
qed
qed
qed
corollary (in group) normal_invI:
assumes "subgroup N G" and "⋀x h. ⟦ x ∈ carrier G; h ∈ N ⟧ ⟹ x ⊗ h ⊗ inv x ∈ N"
shows "N ⊲ G"
using assms normal_inv_iff by blast
corollary (in group) normal_invE:
assumes "N ⊲ G"
shows "subgroup N G" and "⋀x h. ⟦ x ∈ carrier G; h ∈ N ⟧ ⟹ x ⊗ h ⊗ inv x ∈ N"
using assms normal_inv_iff apply blast
by (simp add: assms normal.inv_op_closed2)
lemma (in group) one_is_normal :
"{𝟭} ⊲ G"
proof(intro normal_invI )
show "subgroup {𝟭} G"
by (simp add: subgroup_def)
show "⋀x h. x ∈ carrier G ⟹ h ∈ {𝟭} ⟹ x ⊗ h ⊗ inv x ∈ {𝟭}" by simp
qed
subsection‹More Properties of Left Cosets›
lemma (in group) l_repr_independence:
assumes "y ∈ x <# H" "x ∈ carrier G" "subgroup H G"
shows "x <# H = y <# H"
proof -
obtain h' where h': "h' ∈ H" "y = x ⊗ h'"
using assms(1) unfolding l_coset_def by blast
hence "x ⊗ h = y ⊗ ((inv h') ⊗ h)" if "h ∈ H" for h
proof -
have f3: "h' ∈ carrier G"
by (meson assms(3) h'(1) subgroup.mem_carrier)
have f4: "h ∈ carrier G"
by (meson assms(3) subgroup.mem_carrier that)
then show ?thesis
by (metis assms(2) f3 h'(2) inv_closed inv_solve_right m_assoc m_closed)
qed
hence "⋀ xh. xh ∈ x <# H ⟹ xh ∈ y <# H"
unfolding l_coset_def by (metis (no_types, lifting) UN_iff assms(3) h'(1) subgroup_def)
moreover have "⋀ h. h ∈ H ⟹ y ⊗ h = x ⊗ (h' ⊗ h)"
using h' by (meson assms(2) assms(3) m_assoc subgroup.mem_carrier)
hence "⋀ yh. yh ∈ y <# H ⟹ yh ∈ x <# H"
unfolding l_coset_def using subgroup.m_closed[OF assms(3) h'(1)] by blast
ultimately show ?thesis by blast
qed
lemma (in group) lcos_m_assoc:
"⟦ M ⊆ carrier G; g ∈ carrier G; h ∈ carrier G ⟧ ⟹ g <# (h <# M) = (g ⊗ h) <# M"
by (force simp add: l_coset_def m_assoc)
lemma (in group) lcos_mult_one: "M ⊆ carrier G ⟹ 𝟭 <# M = M"
by (force simp add: l_coset_def)
lemma (in group) l_coset_subset_G:
"⟦ H ⊆ carrier G; x ∈ carrier G ⟧ ⟹ x <# H ⊆ carrier G"
by (auto simp add: l_coset_def subsetD)
lemma (in group) l_coset_carrier:
"⟦ y ∈ x <# H; x ∈ carrier G; subgroup H G ⟧ ⟹ y ∈ carrier G"
by (auto simp add: l_coset_def m_assoc subgroup.subset [THEN subsetD] subgroup.m_closed)
lemma (in group) l_coset_swap:
assumes "y ∈ x <# H" "x ∈ carrier G" "subgroup H G"
shows "x ∈ y <# H"
using assms(2) l_repr_independence[OF assms] subgroup.one_closed[OF assms(3)]
unfolding l_coset_def by fastforce
lemma (in group) subgroup_mult_id:
assumes "subgroup H G"
shows "H <#> H = H"
proof
show "H <#> H ⊆ H"
unfolding set_mult_def using subgroup.m_closed[OF assms] by (simp add: UN_subset_iff)
show "H ⊆ H <#> H"
proof
fix x assume x: "x ∈ H" thus "x ∈ H <#> H" unfolding set_mult_def
using subgroup.m_closed[OF assms subgroup.one_closed[OF assms] x] subgroup.one_closed[OF assms]
using assms subgroup.mem_carrier by force
qed
qed
subsubsection ‹Set of Inverses of an ‹r_coset›.›
lemma (in normal) rcos_inv:
assumes x: "x ∈ carrier G"
shows "set_inv (H #> x) = H #> (inv x)"
proof (simp add: r_coset_def SET_INV_def x inv_mult_group, safe)
fix h
assume h: "h ∈ H"
show "inv x ⊗ inv h ∈ (⋃j∈H. {j ⊗ inv x})"
proof
show "inv x ⊗ inv h ⊗ x ∈ H"
by (simp add: inv_op_closed1 h x)
show "inv x ⊗ inv h ∈ {inv x ⊗ inv h ⊗ x ⊗ inv x}"
by (simp add: h x m_assoc)
qed
show "h ⊗ inv x ∈ (⋃j∈H. {inv x ⊗ inv j})"
proof
show "x ⊗ inv h ⊗ inv x ∈ H"
by (simp add: inv_op_closed2 h x)
show "h ⊗ inv x ∈ {inv x ⊗ inv (x ⊗ inv h ⊗ inv x)}"
by (simp add: h x m_assoc [symmetric] inv_mult_group)
qed
qed
subsubsection ‹Theorems for ‹<#>› with ‹#>› or ‹<#›.›
lemma (in group) setmult_rcos_assoc:
"⟦H ⊆ carrier G; K ⊆ carrier G; x ∈ carrier G⟧ ⟹
H <#> (K #> x) = (H <#> K) #> x"
using set_mult_assoc[of H K "{x}"] by (simp add: r_coset_eq_set_mult)
lemma (in group) rcos_assoc_lcos:
"⟦H ⊆ carrier G; K ⊆ carrier G; x ∈ carrier G⟧ ⟹
(H #> x) <#> K = H <#> (x <# K)"
using set_mult_assoc[of H "{x}" K]
by (simp add: l_coset_eq_set_mult r_coset_eq_set_mult)
lemma (in normal) rcos_mult_step1:
"⟦x ∈ carrier G; y ∈ carrier G⟧ ⟹
(H #> x) <#> (H #> y) = (H <#> (x <# H)) #> y"
by (simp add: setmult_rcos_assoc r_coset_subset_G
subset l_coset_subset_G rcos_assoc_lcos)
lemma (in normal) rcos_mult_step2:
"⟦x ∈ carrier G; y ∈ carrier G⟧
⟹ (H <#> (x <# H)) #> y = (H <#> (H #> x)) #> y"
by (insert coset_eq, simp add: normal_def)
lemma (in normal) rcos_mult_step3:
"⟦x ∈ carrier G; y ∈ carrier G⟧
⟹ (H <#> (H #> x)) #> y = H #> (x ⊗ y)"
by (simp add: setmult_rcos_assoc coset_mult_assoc
subgroup_mult_id normal.axioms subset normal_axioms)
lemma (in normal) rcos_sum:
"⟦x ∈ carrier G; y ∈ carrier G⟧
⟹ (H #> x) <#> (H #> y) = H #> (x ⊗ y)"
by (simp add: rcos_mult_step1 rcos_mult_step2 rcos_mult_step3)
lemma (in normal) rcosets_mult_eq: "M ∈ rcosets H ⟹ H <#> M = M"
by (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def subset
setmult_rcos_assoc subgroup_mult_id normal.axioms normal_axioms)
subsubsection‹An Equivalence Relation›
definition
r_congruent :: "[('a,'b)monoid_scheme, 'a set] ⇒ ('a*'a)set" ("rcongı _")
where "rcong⇘G⇙ H = {(x,y). x ∈ carrier G ∧ y ∈ carrier G ∧ inv⇘G⇙ x ⊗⇘G⇙ y ∈ H}"
lemma (in subgroup) equiv_rcong:
assumes "group G"
shows "equiv (carrier G) (rcong H)"
proof -
interpret group G by fact
show ?thesis
proof (intro equivI)
show "refl_on (carrier G) (rcong H)"
by (auto simp add: r_congruent_def refl_on_def)
next
show "sym (rcong H)"
proof (simp add: r_congruent_def sym_def, clarify)
fix x y
assume [simp]: "x ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G"
and "inv x ⊗ y ∈ H"
hence "inv (inv x ⊗ y) ∈ H" by simp
thus "inv y ⊗ x ∈ H" by (simp add: inv_mult_group)
qed
next
show "trans (rcong H)"
proof (simp add: r_congruent_def trans_def, clarify)
fix x y z
assume [simp]: "x ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" "z ∈ carrier G"
and "inv x ⊗ y ∈ H" and "inv y ⊗ z ∈ H"
hence "(inv x ⊗ y) ⊗ (inv y ⊗ z) ∈ H" by simp
hence "inv x ⊗ (y ⊗ inv y) ⊗ z ∈ H"
by (simp add: m_assoc del: r_inv Units_r_inv)
thus "inv x ⊗ z ∈ H" by simp
qed
qed
qed
text‹Equivalence classes of ‹rcong› correspond to left cosets.
Was there a mistake in the definitions? I'd have expected them to
correspond to right cosets.›
lemma (in subgroup) l_coset_eq_rcong:
assumes "group G"
assumes a: "a ∈ carrier G"
shows "a <# H = (rcong H) `` {a}"
proof -
interpret group G by fact
show ?thesis by (force simp add: r_congruent_def l_coset_def m_assoc [symmetric] a )
qed
subsubsection‹Two Distinct Right Cosets are Disjoint›
lemma (in group) rcos_equation:
assumes "subgroup H G"
assumes p: "ha ⊗ a = h ⊗ b" "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "h ∈ H" "ha ∈ H" "hb ∈ H"
shows "hb ⊗ a ∈ (⋃h∈H. {h ⊗ b})"
proof -
interpret subgroup H G by fact
from p show ?thesis apply (rule_tac UN_I [of "hb ⊗ ((inv ha) ⊗ h)"])
apply blast by (simp add: inv_solve_left m_assoc)
qed
lemma (in group) rcos_disjoint:
assumes "subgroup H G"
assumes p: "a ∈ rcosets H" "b ∈ rcosets H" "a≠b"
shows "a ∩ b = {}"
proof -
interpret subgroup H G by fact
from p show ?thesis
apply (simp add: RCOSETS_def r_coset_def)
apply (blast intro: rcos_equation assms sym)
done
qed
subsection ‹Further lemmas for ‹r_congruent››
text ‹The relation is a congruence›
lemma (in normal) congruent_rcong:
shows "congruent2 (rcong H) (rcong H) (λa b. a ⊗ b <# H)"
proof (intro congruent2I[of "carrier G" _ "carrier G" _] equiv_rcong is_group)
fix a b c
assume abrcong: "(a, b) ∈ rcong H"
and ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G"
from abrcong
have acarr: "a ∈ carrier G"
and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G"
and abH: "inv a ⊗ b ∈ H"
unfolding r_congruent_def
by fast+
note carr = acarr bcarr ccarr
from ccarr and abH
have "inv c ⊗ (inv a ⊗ b) ⊗ c ∈ H" by (rule inv_op_closed1)
moreover
from carr and inv_closed
have "inv c ⊗ (inv a ⊗ b) ⊗ c = (inv c ⊗ inv a) ⊗ (b ⊗ c)"
by (force cong: m_assoc)
moreover
from carr and inv_closed
have "… = (inv (a ⊗ c)) ⊗ (b ⊗ c)"
by (simp add: inv_mult_group)
ultimately
have "(inv (a ⊗ c)) ⊗ (b ⊗ c) ∈ H" by simp
from carr and this
have "(b ⊗ c) ∈ (a ⊗ c) <# H"
by (simp add: lcos_module_rev[OF is_group])
from carr and this and is_subgroup
show "(a ⊗ c) <# H = (b ⊗ c) <# H" by (intro l_repr_independence, simp+)
next
fix a b c
assume abrcong: "(a, b) ∈ rcong H"
and ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G"
from ccarr have "c ∈ Units G" by simp
hence cinvc_one: "inv c ⊗ c = 𝟭" by (rule Units_l_inv)
from abrcong
have acarr: "a ∈ carrier G"
and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G"
and abH: "inv a ⊗ b ∈ H"
by (unfold r_congruent_def, fast+)
note carr = acarr bcarr ccarr
from carr and inv_closed
have "inv a ⊗ b = inv a ⊗ (𝟭 ⊗ b)" by simp
also from carr and inv_closed
have "… = inv a ⊗ (inv c ⊗ c) ⊗ b" by simp
also from carr and inv_closed
have "… = (inv a ⊗ inv c) ⊗ (c ⊗ b)" by (force cong: m_assoc)
also from carr and inv_closed
have "… = inv (c ⊗ a) ⊗ (c ⊗ b)" by (simp add: inv_mult_group)
finally
have "inv a ⊗ b = inv (c ⊗ a) ⊗ (c ⊗ b)" .
from abH and this
have "inv (c ⊗ a) ⊗ (c ⊗ b) ∈ H" by simp
from carr and this
have "(c ⊗ b) ∈ (c ⊗ a) <# H"
by (simp add: lcos_module_rev[OF is_group])
from carr and this and is_subgroup
show "(c ⊗ a) <# H = (c ⊗ b) <# H" by (intro l_repr_independence, simp+)
qed
subsection ‹Order of a Group and Lagrange's Theorem›
definition
order :: "('a, 'b) monoid_scheme ⇒ nat"
where "order S = card (carrier S)"
lemma (in monoid) order_gt_0_iff_finite: "0 < order G ⟷ finite (carrier G)"
by(auto simp add: order_def card_gt_0_iff)
lemma (in group) rcosets_part_G:
assumes "subgroup H G"
shows "⋃(rcosets H) = carrier G"
proof -
interpret subgroup H G by fact
show ?thesis
apply (rule equalityI)
apply (force simp add: RCOSETS_def r_coset_def)
apply (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def intro: rcos_self assms)
done
qed
lemma (in group) cosets_finite:
"⟦c ∈ rcosets H; H ⊆ carrier G; finite (carrier G)⟧ ⟹ finite c"
apply (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def)
apply (simp add: r_coset_subset_G [THEN finite_subset])
done
text‹The next two lemmas support the proof of ‹card_cosets_equal›.›
lemma (in group) inj_on_f:
"⟦H ⊆ carrier G; a ∈ carrier G⟧ ⟹ inj_on (λy. y ⊗ inv a) (H #> a)"
apply (rule inj_onI)
apply (subgoal_tac "x ∈ carrier G ∧ y ∈ carrier G")
prefer 2 apply (blast intro: r_coset_subset_G [THEN subsetD])
apply (simp add: subsetD)
done
lemma (in group) inj_on_g:
"⟦H ⊆ carrier G; a ∈ carrier G⟧ ⟹ inj_on (λy. y ⊗ a) H"
by (force simp add: inj_on_def subsetD)
lemma (in group) card_cosets_equal:
assumes "R ∈ rcosets H" "H ⊆ carrier G"
shows "∃f. bij_betw f H R"
proof -
obtain g where g: "g ∈ carrier G" "R = H #> g"
using assms(1) unfolding RCOSETS_def by blast
let ?f = "λh. h ⊗ g"
have "⋀r. r ∈ R ⟹ ∃h ∈ H. ?f h = r"
proof -
fix r assume "r ∈ R"
then obtain h where "h ∈ H" "r = h ⊗ g"
using g unfolding r_coset_def by blast
thus "∃h ∈ H. ?f h = r" by blast
qed
hence "R ⊆ ?f ` H" by blast
moreover have "?f ` H ⊆ R"
using g unfolding r_coset_def by blast
ultimately show ?thesis using inj_on_g unfolding bij_betw_def
using assms(2) g(1) by auto
qed
corollary (in group) card_rcosets_equal:
assumes "R ∈ rcosets H" "H ⊆ carrier G"
shows "card H = card R"
using card_cosets_equal assms bij_betw_same_card by blast
corollary (in group) rcosets_finite:
assumes "R ∈ rcosets H" "H ⊆ carrier G" "finite H"
shows "finite R"
using card_cosets_equal assms bij_betw_finite is_group by blast
lemma (in group) rcosets_subset_PowG:
"subgroup H G ⟹ rcosets H ⊆ Pow(carrier G)"
using rcosets_part_G by auto
proposition (in group) lagrange_finite:
"⟦finite(carrier G); subgroup H G⟧
⟹ card(rcosets H) * card(H) = order(G)"
apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: order_def rcosets_part_G [symmetric])
apply (subst mult.commute)
apply (rule card_partition)
apply (simp add: rcosets_subset_PowG [THEN finite_subset])
apply (simp add: rcosets_part_G)
apply (simp add: card_rcosets_equal subgroup.subset)
apply (simp add: rcos_disjoint)
done
theorem (in group) lagrange:
assumes "subgroup H G"
shows "card (rcosets H) * card H = order G"
proof (cases "finite (carrier G)")
case True thus ?thesis using lagrange_finite assms by simp
next
case False note inf_G = this
thus ?thesis
proof (cases "finite H")
case False thus ?thesis using inf_G by (simp add: order_def)
next
case True note finite_H = this
have "infinite (rcosets H)"
proof (rule ccontr)
assume "¬ infinite (rcosets H)"
hence finite_rcos: "finite (rcosets H)" by simp
hence "card (⋃(rcosets H)) = (∑R∈(rcosets H). card R)"
using card_Union_disjoint[of "rcosets H"] finite_H rcos_disjoint[OF assms(1)]
rcosets_finite[where ?H = H] by (simp add: assms subgroup.subset)
hence "order G = (∑R∈(rcosets H). card R)"
by (simp add: assms order_def rcosets_part_G)
hence "order G = (∑R∈(rcosets H). card H)"
using card_rcosets_equal by (simp add: assms subgroup.subset)
hence "order G = (card H) * (card (rcosets H))" by simp
hence "order G ≠ 0" using finite_rcos finite_H assms ex_in_conv
rcosets_part_G subgroup.one_closed by fastforce
thus False using inf_G order_gt_0_iff_finite by blast
qed
thus ?thesis using inf_G by (simp add: order_def)
qed
qed
subsection ‹Quotient Groups: Factorization of a Group›
definition
FactGroup :: "[('a,'b) monoid_scheme, 'a set] ⇒ ('a set) monoid" (infixl "Mod" 65)
where "FactGroup G H = ⦇carrier = rcosets⇘G⇙ H, mult = set_mult G, one = H⦈"
lemma (in normal) setmult_closed:
"⟦K1 ∈ rcosets H; K2 ∈ rcosets H⟧ ⟹ K1 <#> K2 ∈ rcosets H"
by (auto simp add: rcos_sum RCOSETS_def)
lemma (in normal) setinv_closed:
"K ∈ rcosets H ⟹ set_inv K ∈ rcosets H"
by (auto simp add: rcos_inv RCOSETS_def)
lemma (in normal) rcosets_assoc:
"⟦M1 ∈ rcosets H; M2 ∈ rcosets H; M3 ∈ rcosets H⟧
⟹ M1 <#> M2 <#> M3 = M1 <#> (M2 <#> M3)"
by (simp add: group.set_mult_assoc is_group rcosets_carrier)
lemma (in subgroup) subgroup_in_rcosets:
assumes "group G"
shows "H ∈ rcosets H"
proof -
interpret group G by fact
from _ subgroup_axioms have "H #> 𝟭 = H"
by (rule coset_join2) auto
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def)
qed
lemma (in normal) rcosets_inv_mult_group_eq:
"M ∈ rcosets H ⟹ set_inv M <#> M = H"
by (auto simp add: RCOSETS_def rcos_inv rcos_sum subgroup.subset normal.axioms normal_axioms)
theorem (in normal) factorgroup_is_group:
"group (G Mod H)"
apply (simp add: FactGroup_def)
apply (rule groupI)
apply (simp add: setmult_closed)
apply (simp add: normal_imp_subgroup subgroup_in_rcosets [OF is_group])
apply (simp add: restrictI setmult_closed rcosets_assoc)
apply (simp add: normal_imp_subgroup
subgroup_in_rcosets rcosets_mult_eq)
apply (auto dest: rcosets_inv_mult_group_eq simp add: setinv_closed)
done
lemma mult_FactGroup [simp]: "X ⊗⇘(G Mod H)⇙ X' = X <#>⇘G⇙ X'"
by (simp add: FactGroup_def)
lemma (in normal) inv_FactGroup:
"X ∈ carrier (G Mod H) ⟹ inv⇘G Mod H⇙ X = set_inv X"
apply (rule group.inv_equality [OF factorgroup_is_group])
apply (simp_all add: FactGroup_def setinv_closed rcosets_inv_mult_group_eq)
done
text‹The coset map is a homomorphism from @{term G} to the quotient group
@{term "G Mod H"}›
lemma (in normal) r_coset_hom_Mod:
"(λa. H #> a) ∈ hom G (G Mod H)"
by (auto simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def Pi_def hom_def rcos_sum)
subsection‹The First Isomorphism Theorem›
text‹The quotient by the kernel of a homomorphism is isomorphic to the
range of that homomorphism.›
definition
kernel :: "('a, 'm) monoid_scheme ⇒ ('b, 'n) monoid_scheme ⇒ ('a ⇒ 'b) ⇒ 'a set"
where "kernel G H h = {x. x ∈ carrier G ∧ h x = 𝟭⇘H⇙}"
lemma (in group_hom) subgroup_kernel: "subgroup (kernel G H h) G"
apply (rule subgroup.intro)
apply (auto simp add: kernel_def group.intro is_group)
done
text‹The kernel of a homomorphism is a normal subgroup›
lemma (in group_hom) normal_kernel: "(kernel G H h) ⊲ G"
apply (simp add: G.normal_inv_iff subgroup_kernel)
apply (simp add: kernel_def)
done
lemma (in group_hom) FactGroup_nonempty:
assumes X: "X ∈ carrier (G Mod kernel G H h)"
shows "X ≠ {}"
proof -
from X
obtain g where "g ∈ carrier G"
and "X = kernel G H h #> g"
by (auto simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def)
thus ?thesis
by (auto simp add: kernel_def r_coset_def image_def intro: hom_one)
qed
lemma (in group_hom) FactGroup_the_elem_mem:
assumes X: "X ∈ carrier (G Mod (kernel G H h))"
shows "the_elem (h`X) ∈ carrier H"
proof -
from X
obtain g where g: "g ∈ carrier G"
and "X = kernel G H h #> g"
by (auto simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def)
hence "h ` X = {h g}" by (auto simp add: kernel_def r_coset_def g intro!: imageI)
thus ?thesis by (auto simp add: g)
qed
lemma (in group_hom) FactGroup_hom:
"(λX. the_elem (h`X)) ∈ hom (G Mod (kernel G H h)) H"
apply (simp add: hom_def FactGroup_the_elem_mem normal.factorgroup_is_group [OF normal_kernel] group.axioms monoid.m_closed)
proof (intro ballI)
fix X and X'
assume X: "X ∈ carrier (G Mod kernel G H h)"
and X': "X' ∈ carrier (G Mod kernel G H h)"
then
obtain g and g'
where "g ∈ carrier G" and "g' ∈ carrier G"
and "X = kernel G H h #> g" and "X' = kernel G H h #> g'"
by (auto simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def)
hence all: "∀x∈X. h x = h g" "∀x∈X'. h x = h g'"
and Xsub: "X ⊆ carrier G" and X'sub: "X' ⊆ carrier G"
by (force simp add: kernel_def r_coset_def image_def)+
hence "h ` (X <#> X') = {h g ⊗⇘H⇙ h g'}" using X X'
by (auto dest!: FactGroup_nonempty intro!: image_eqI
simp add: set_mult_def
subsetD [OF Xsub] subsetD [OF X'sub])
then show "the_elem (h ` (X <#> X')) = the_elem (h ` X) ⊗⇘H⇙ the_elem (h ` X')"
by (auto simp add: all FactGroup_nonempty X X' the_elem_image_unique)
qed
text‹Lemma for the following injectivity result›
lemma (in group_hom) FactGroup_subset:
"⟦g ∈ carrier G; g' ∈ carrier G; h g = h g'⟧
⟹ kernel G H h #> g ⊆ kernel G H h #> g'"
apply (clarsimp simp add: kernel_def r_coset_def)
apply (rename_tac y)
apply (rule_tac x="y ⊗ g ⊗ inv g'" in exI)
apply (simp add: G.m_assoc)
done
lemma (in group_hom) FactGroup_inj_on:
"inj_on (λX. the_elem (h ` X)) (carrier (G Mod kernel G H h))"
proof (simp add: inj_on_def, clarify)
fix X and X'
assume X: "X ∈ carrier (G Mod kernel G H h)"
and X': "X' ∈ carrier (G Mod kernel G H h)"
then
obtain g and g'
where gX: "g ∈ carrier G" "g' ∈ carrier G"
"X = kernel G H h #> g" "X' = kernel G H h #> g'"
by (auto simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def)
hence all: "∀x∈X. h x = h g" "∀x∈X'. h x = h g'"
by (force simp add: kernel_def r_coset_def image_def)+
assume "the_elem (h ` X) = the_elem (h ` X')"
hence h: "h g = h g'"
by (simp add: all FactGroup_nonempty X X' the_elem_image_unique)
show "X=X'" by (rule equalityI) (simp_all add: FactGroup_subset h gX)
qed
text‹If the homomorphism @{term h} is onto @{term H}, then so is the
homomorphism from the quotient group›
lemma (in group_hom) FactGroup_onto:
assumes h: "h ` carrier G = carrier H"
shows "(λX. the_elem (h ` X)) ` carrier (G Mod kernel G H h) = carrier H"
proof
show "(λX. the_elem (h ` X)) ` carrier (G Mod kernel G H h) ⊆ carrier H"
by (auto simp add: FactGroup_the_elem_mem)
show "carrier H ⊆ (λX. the_elem (h ` X)) ` carrier (G Mod kernel G H h)"
proof
fix y
assume y: "y ∈ carrier H"
with h obtain g where g: "g ∈ carrier G" "h g = y"
by (blast elim: equalityE)
hence "(⋃x∈kernel G H h #> g. {h x}) = {y}"
by (auto simp add: y kernel_def r_coset_def)
with g show "y ∈ (λX. the_elem (h ` X)) ` carrier (G Mod kernel G H h)"
apply (auto intro!: bexI image_eqI simp add: FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def)
apply (subst the_elem_image_unique)
apply auto
done
qed
qed
text‹If @{term h} is a homomorphism from @{term G} onto @{term H}, then the
quotient group @{term "G Mod (kernel G H h)"} is isomorphic to @{term H}.›
theorem (in group_hom) FactGroup_iso_set:
"h ` carrier G = carrier H
⟹ (λX. the_elem (h`X)) ∈ iso (G Mod (kernel G H h)) H"
by (simp add: iso_def FactGroup_hom FactGroup_inj_on bij_betw_def
FactGroup_onto)
corollary (in group_hom) FactGroup_iso :
"h ` carrier G = carrier H
⟹ (G Mod (kernel G H h))≅ H"
using FactGroup_iso_set unfolding is_iso_def by auto
lemma (in group_hom) trivial_hom_iff:
"(h ` (carrier G) = { 𝟭⇘H⇙ }) = (kernel G H h = carrier G)"
unfolding kernel_def using one_closed by force
lemma (in group_hom) trivial_ker_imp_inj:
assumes "kernel G H h = { 𝟭 }"
shows "inj_on h (carrier G)"
proof (rule inj_onI)
fix g1 g2 assume A: "g1 ∈ carrier G" "g2 ∈ carrier G" "h g1 = h g2"
hence "h (g1 ⊗ (inv g2)) = 𝟭⇘H⇙" by simp
hence "g1 ⊗ (inv g2) = 𝟭"
using A assms unfolding kernel_def by blast
thus "g1 = g2"
using A G.inv_equality G.inv_inv by blast
qed
subsection ‹Theorems about Factor Groups and Direct product›
lemma (in group) DirProd_normal :
assumes "group K"
and "H ⊲ G"
and "N ⊲ K"
shows "H × N ⊲ G ×× K"
proof (intro group.normal_invI[OF DirProd_group[OF group_axioms assms(1)]])
show sub : "subgroup (H × N) (G ×× K)"
using DirProd_subgroups[OF group_axioms normal_imp_subgroup[OF assms(2)]assms(1)
normal_imp_subgroup[OF assms(3)]].
show "⋀x h. x ∈ carrier (G××K) ⟹ h ∈ H×N ⟹ x ⊗⇘G××K⇙ h ⊗⇘G××K⇙ inv⇘G××K⇙ x ∈ H×N"
proof-
fix x h assume xGK : "x ∈ carrier (G ×× K)" and hHN : " h ∈ H × N"
hence hGK : "h ∈ carrier (G ×× K)" using subgroup.subset[OF sub] by auto
from xGK obtain x1 x2 where x1x2 :"x1 ∈ carrier G" "x2 ∈ carrier K" "x = (x1,x2)"
unfolding DirProd_def by fastforce
from hHN obtain h1 h2 where h1h2 : "h1 ∈ H" "h2 ∈ N" "h = (h1,h2)"
unfolding DirProd_def by fastforce
hence h1h2GK : "h1 ∈ carrier G" "h2 ∈ carrier K"
using normal_imp_subgroup subgroup.subset assms apply blast+.
have "inv⇘G ×× K⇙ x = (inv⇘G⇙ x1,inv⇘K⇙ x2)"
using inv_DirProd[OF group_axioms assms(1) x1x2(1)x1x2(2)] x1x2 by auto
hence "x ⊗⇘G ×× K⇙ h ⊗⇘G ×× K⇙ inv⇘G ×× K⇙ x = (x1 ⊗ h1 ⊗ inv x1,x2 ⊗⇘K⇙ h2 ⊗⇘K⇙ inv⇘K⇙ x2)"
using h1h2 x1x2 h1h2GK by auto
moreover have "x1 ⊗ h1 ⊗ inv x1 ∈ H" "x2 ⊗⇘K⇙ h2 ⊗⇘K⇙ inv⇘K⇙ x2 ∈ N"
using normal_invE group.normal_invE[OF assms(1)] assms x1x2 h1h2 apply auto.
hence "(x1 ⊗ h1 ⊗ inv x1, x2 ⊗⇘K⇙ h2 ⊗⇘K⇙ inv⇘K⇙ x2)∈ H × N" by auto
ultimately show " x ⊗⇘G ×× K⇙ h ⊗⇘G ×× K⇙ inv⇘G ×× K⇙ x ∈ H × N" by auto
qed
qed
lemma (in group) FactGroup_DirProd_multiplication_iso_set :
assumes "group K"
and "H ⊲ G"
and "N ⊲ K"
shows "(λ (X, Y). X × Y) ∈ iso ((G Mod H) ×× (K Mod N)) (G ×× K Mod H × N)"
proof-
have R :"(λ(X, Y). X × Y) ∈ carrier (G Mod H) × carrier (K Mod N) → carrier (G ×× K Mod H × N)"
unfolding r_coset_def Sigma_def DirProd_def FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def apply simp by blast
moreover have "(∀x∈carrier (G Mod H). ∀y∈carrier (K Mod N). ∀xa∈carrier (G Mod H).
∀ya∈carrier (K Mod N). (x <#> xa) × (y <#>⇘K⇙ ya) = x × y <#>⇘G ×× K⇙ xa × ya)"
unfolding set_mult_def by force
moreover have "(∀x∈carrier (G Mod H). ∀y∈carrier (K Mod N). ∀xa∈carrier (G Mod H).
∀ya∈carrier (K Mod N). x × y = xa × ya ⟶ x = xa ∧ y = ya)"
unfolding FactGroup_def using times_eq_iff subgroup.rcosets_non_empty
by (metis assms(2) assms(3) normal_def partial_object.select_convs(1))
moreover have "(λ(X, Y). X × Y) ` (carrier (G Mod H) × carrier (K Mod N)) =
carrier (G ×× K Mod H × N)"
unfolding image_def apply auto using R apply force
unfolding DirProd_def FactGroup_def RCOSETS_def r_coset_def by force
ultimately show ?thesis
unfolding iso_def hom_def bij_betw_def inj_on_def by simp
qed
corollary (in group) FactGroup_DirProd_multiplication_iso_1 :
assumes "group K"
and "H ⊲ G"
and "N ⊲ K"
shows " ((G Mod H) ×× (K Mod N)) ≅ (G ×× K Mod H × N)"
unfolding is_iso_def using FactGroup_DirProd_multiplication_iso_set assms by auto
corollary (in group) FactGroup_DirProd_multiplication_iso_2 :
assumes "group K"
and "H ⊲ G"
and "N ⊲ K"
shows "(G ×× K Mod H × N) ≅ ((G Mod H) ×× (K Mod N))"
using FactGroup_DirProd_multiplication_iso_1 group.iso_sym assms
DirProd_group[OF normal.factorgroup_is_group normal.factorgroup_is_group]
by blast
subsubsection "More Lemmas about set multiplication"
lemma (in group) set_mult_carrier_idem:
assumes "subgroup H G"
shows "(carrier G) <#> H = carrier G"
proof
show "(carrier G)<#>H ⊆ carrier G"
unfolding set_mult_def using subgroup.subset assms by blast
next
have " (carrier G) #> 𝟭 = carrier G" unfolding set_mult_def r_coset_def group_axioms by simp
moreover have "(carrier G) #> 𝟭 ⊆ (carrier G) <#> H" unfolding set_mult_def r_coset_def
using assms subgroup.one_closed[OF assms] by blast
ultimately show "carrier G ⊆ (carrier G) <#> H" by simp
qed
lemma (in group) set_mult_subgroup_idem:
assumes HG: "subgroup H G" and NG: "subgroup N (G ⦇ carrier := H ⦈)"
shows "H <#> N = H"
using group.set_mult_carrier_idem[OF subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF HG group_axioms] NG] by simp
lemma (in group) commut_normal:
assumes "subgroup H G" and "N⊲G"
shows "H<#>N = N<#>H"
proof-
have aux1: "{H <#> N} = {⋃h∈H. h <# N }" unfolding set_mult_def l_coset_def by auto
also have "... = {⋃h∈H. N #> h }" using assms normal.coset_eq subgroup.mem_carrier by fastforce
moreover have aux2: "{N <#> H} = {⋃h∈H. N #> h }"unfolding set_mult_def r_coset_def by auto
ultimately show "H<#>N = N<#>H" by simp
qed
lemma (in group) commut_normal_subgroup:
assumes "subgroup H G" and "N ⊲ (G⦇ carrier := H ⦈)"
and "subgroup K (G ⦇ carrier := H ⦈)"
shows "K <#> N = N <#> K"
using group.commut_normal[OF subgroup.subgroup_is_group[OF assms(1) group_axioms] assms(3,2)] by simp
subsubsection "Lemmas about intersection and normal subgroups"
lemma (in group) normal_inter:
assumes "subgroup H G"
and "subgroup K G"
and "H1⊲G⦇carrier := H⦈"
shows " (H1∩K)⊲(G⦇carrier:= (H∩K)⦈)"
proof-
define HK and H1K and GH and GHK
where "HK = H∩K" and "H1K=H1∩K" and "GH =G⦇carrier := H⦈" and "GHK = (G⦇carrier:= (H∩K)⦈)"
show "H1K⊲GHK"
proof (intro group.normal_invI[of GHK H1K])
show "Group.group GHK"
using GHK_def subgroups_Inter_pair subgroup_imp_group assms by blast
next
have H1K_incl:"subgroup H1K (G⦇carrier:= (H∩K)⦈)"
proof(intro subgroup_incl)
show "subgroup H1K G"
using assms normal_imp_subgroup subgroups_Inter_pair incl_subgroup H1K_def by blast
next
show "subgroup (H∩K) G" using HK_def subgroups_Inter_pair assms by auto
next
have "H1 ⊆ (carrier (G⦇carrier:=H⦈))"
using assms(3) normal_imp_subgroup subgroup.subset by blast
also have "... ⊆ H" by simp
thus "H1K ⊆H∩K"
using H1K_def calculation by auto
qed
thus "subgroup H1K GHK" using GHK_def by simp
next
show "⋀ x h. x∈carrier GHK ⟹ h∈H1K ⟹ x ⊗⇘GHK⇙ h ⊗⇘GHK⇙ inv⇘GHK⇙ x∈ H1K"
proof-
have invHK: "⟦y∈HK⟧ ⟹ inv⇘GHK⇙ y = inv⇘GH⇙ y"
using m_inv_consistent assms HK_def GH_def GHK_def subgroups_Inter_pair by simp
have multHK : "⟦x∈HK;y∈HK⟧ ⟹ x ⊗⇘(G⦇carrier:=HK⦈)⇙ y = x ⊗ y"
using HK_def by simp
fix x assume p: "x∈carrier GHK"
fix h assume p2 : "h:H1K"
have "carrier(GHK)⊆HK"
using GHK_def HK_def by simp
hence xHK:"x∈HK" using p by auto
hence invx:"inv⇘GHK⇙ x = inv⇘GH⇙ x"
using invHK assms GHK_def HK_def GH_def m_inv_consistent subgroups_Inter_pair by simp
have "H1⊆carrier(GH)"
using assms GH_def normal_imp_subgroup subgroup.subset by blast
hence hHK:"h∈HK"
using p2 H1K_def HK_def GH_def by auto
hence xhx_egal : "x ⊗⇘GHK⇙ h ⊗⇘GHK⇙ inv⇘GHK⇙x = x ⊗⇘GH⇙ h ⊗⇘GH⇙ inv⇘GH⇙ x"
using invx invHK multHK GHK_def GH_def by auto
have xH:"x∈carrier(GH)"
using xHK HK_def GH_def by auto
have hH:"h∈carrier(GH)"
using hHK HK_def GH_def by auto
have "(∀x∈carrier (GH). ∀h∈H1. x ⊗⇘GH⇙ h ⊗⇘GH⇙ inv⇘GH⇙ x ∈ H1)"
using assms normal_invE GH_def normal.inv_op_closed2 by fastforce
hence INCL_1 : "x ⊗⇘GH⇙ h ⊗⇘GH⇙ inv⇘GH⇙ x ∈ H1"
using xH H1K_def p2 by blast
have " x ⊗⇘GH⇙ h ⊗⇘GH⇙ inv⇘GH⇙ x ∈ HK"
using assms HK_def subgroups_Inter_pair hHK xHK
by (metis GH_def inf.cobounded1 subgroup_def subgroup_incl)
hence " x ⊗⇘GH⇙ h ⊗⇘GH⇙ inv⇘GH⇙ x ∈ K" using HK_def by simp
hence " x ⊗⇘GH⇙ h ⊗⇘GH⇙ inv⇘GH⇙ x ∈ H1K" using INCL_1 H1K_def by auto
thus "x ⊗⇘GHK⇙ h ⊗⇘GHK⇙ inv⇘GHK⇙ x ∈ H1K" using xhx_egal by simp
qed
qed
qed
lemma (in group) normal_inter_subgroup:
assumes "subgroup H G"
and "N ⊲ G"
shows "(N∩H) ⊲ (G⦇carrier := H⦈)"
proof -
define K where "K = carrier G"
have "G⦇carrier := K⦈ = G" using K_def by auto
moreover have "subgroup K G" using K_def subgroup_self by blast
moreover have "normal N (G ⦇carrier :=K⦈)" using assms K_def by simp
ultimately have "N ∩ H ⊲ G⦇carrier := K ∩ H⦈"
using normal_inter[of K H N] assms(1) by blast
moreover have "K ∩ H = H" using K_def assms subgroup.subset by blast
ultimately show "normal (N∩H) (G⦇carrier := H⦈)" by auto
qed
end