Title: Parallel Closedness and Rule Labeling   Abstract:   Parallel closedness and rule labeling techniques play important roles in providing confluence criteria for (possibly non-terminating) left-linear rewrite systems. In this talk, I review the Huet’s parallel closedness theorem, Toyama’s almost parallel closedness theorem and Gramlich’s confluence criterion based on parallel critical pairs. I also review the rule labeling techniques based on decreasing diagrams and discuss how they are applied as confluence criteria for (left-)linear rewrite systems.